Description of the experiments Essay Example for Free

Description of the trys EssayThe results from the graph show that the 8 node depicted an increasing rate for both the interlocking assiduousness ant the var. at A. The attach was not proportional as the more the mesh density the more the mesh density became flatter. The 4 node on the early(a) cash in ones chips started at a lower point ( variant at A) than the 8 node.Still it experienced the increasing but at a decreasing characteristic. at that place was the possibility of the stress and mesh density converging for both the 4 and 8 node though they do not. Generally, there was a positive kin between the stress and the mesh density whereby both nods exhibited the same characteristics (increase in stress led to a more proportionate increase in the mesh density)From experiment 2 From the graph, it can be seen that 4 node graph starts at a high point and starts to reducing meaning that longitudinal stress at C reduces with increase in the mesh density though not proportion ally. This will continue up to a certain point when it moolah decreasing and system constant with increase in mesh density (on the negative side of the longitudinal stress). 8 node on the former(a) hand starts at a lower point in fact negatively then increases meaning that increase in longitudinal stress a C was followed by an increase in the mesh density though less proportionately.This continues for a while until it reaches a point where increase in mesh density had not effect on the longitudinal stress at C. It still maintained the negative side. Both the 8 and 4 node crosses each other at a point where they both increase and decrease at a decreasing rate, respectively. This showed the exact point.From experiment 3 The 4 node tends to increase at a decreasing rate. When mesh density increases, the longitudinal deflection increases less proportionately. On the other hand, the 8 node increase rapidly and reaches a point where it remains constant. The mesh density continues to inc rease while the longitudinal increases with the increase in the mesh density but reaches a point where it remains constant.From experiment 4 The 8 node, the percentage erroneousness was decreasing with the increase in the mesh density. The decrease is less proportionally as it tends to approach the x axis. On the other hand, the 4 node mesh density increases with a corresponding increase in the percentage error. This increase in the percentage error increases at a decreasing rate until it reaches a point where increase in mesh density led to the decrease of the percentage error. Initially, it has been shown that both the 8 and the 4 nodes appeared to diverged from some common point though it was not the same point. This showed that initially, both the percentage error and the mesh density exhibited almost the same value.From experiment 5 For the 4 node, there was a negative slope exhibited where by increase in mesh density was followed by a proportionate decrease in the percentage e rror. On the other hand, the 8 node also showed the decreasing level but at a decreasing rate. Increase in mesh density was accompanied by a decrease in the percentage error though less proportionately. Percentage error appeared to approach the X axis with the increase in the mesh density.From experiment 6 The calculation was trying to compare the concentration factor for the finest finite element mesh. The ANSYS value was compared with the notional value both calculated in the results.. The result showed that there was a difference with a weensy margin of 0.005, thus proving the fact that the analysis was actually exact.From experiment 7 This experiment showed the same shape graph depicting an inverse solution for the stress against the nodes 4 and 8. They showed a decreasing graph the for the first time phase showing steep gradient as it reduces when stress reduces with the increase in the node. Both the 8 and the 4 node showed almost the same results with small differences in their values though had the same shape of the graph.ReferenceGiuseppe, P. 2007. The finite-element method, part IR.L. courant Historical corner

Phytochemical Screening and Extraction Essay Example for Free

Phytochemical Screening and Extraction EssayPlants are a source of large amount of drugs comprising to different groups such as antispasmodics, emetics, anti-cancer, antimicrobials etc. A large follow of the plants are claimed to possess the antibiotic properties in the traditional system and are also used extensively by the tribal wad worldwide. It is now believed that nature has given the cure of every disease in one way or another. Plants have been known to relieve various diseases in Ayurveda.Therefore, the researchers today are emphasizing on evaluation Prashant Tiwari*, Bimlesh Kumar, Mandeep Kaur, Gurpreet Kaur, Harleen Kaur De blow upment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Phagwara, Punjab and characterization of various plants and plant constituents against a number of diseases based on their traditional claims of the plants given in Ayurveda. Extraction of the bioactive plant constituents has always been a challenging task for the r esearchers. In this present review, an attempt has been make to give an overview of certain make pureants and extraction processes with their advantages and disadvantages.INTRODUCTIONextracts. Such preps have been popularly called Plant-derived substances have recently become of galenicals, named after Galen, the second century great busy owing to their versatile applications. Greek physician 2. Medicinal plants are the richest bio-resource of drugs Extraction methods used pharmaceutically involves of the separation of medicinally active portions of plant traditional systems of modern family unit tissues from the inactive/inert components by using medicines, pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical selective solvents. During extraction, solvents diffuse entities for synthetic drugs 1.Into the solid plant material and solubilize compounds Extraction (as the term is pharmaceutically used) is the with comparable polarity 1. separation of medicinally active portions of plant (and The purpose of meterized extraction procedures for animal) tissues using selective solvents through crude drugs (medicinal plant parts) is to attain the standard procedures. The products so obtained from therapeutically desired portions and to eliminate plants are relatively complex mixtures of metabolites, unwanted material by treatment with a selective in lucid or semisolid state or (after removing the solvent known as menstrum.The extract thus solvent) in dry powder form, and are intended for unwritten obtained, after standardization, may be used as or external use. These include classes of preparations medicinal agent as such in the form of tinctures or known extracts, fluid extracts or further processed to be incorporated tinctures, pilular (semisolid) extracts or powdered in any dosage form such as tablets and capsules.These as decoctions, food medicine, supplements, infusions, fluid products contains complex mixture of many medicinal plant metabolites, such as alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids and lignans 3. The general techniques of medicinal plant extraction include maceration, infusion, percolation, digestion, Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia Jan-Mar 2011 Vol 1 Issue 1Prashant Tiwari, et al Phytochemical screening and Extraction A Review decoction, (Soxhlet), part of the plant like bark, leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, aqueous-alcoholic extraction by fermentation, counter- seeds, etc i.e. any part of the plant may contain active current extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, components. The systematic screening of plant species ultrasound extraction (sonication), supercritical fluid with the purpose of discovering new bioactiveextraction, (with compounds is a routine activity in many laboratories. hydrofluorocarbon solvents). For aromatic plants, Scientific analysis of plant components follows a hydrodistillation techniques (water distillation, steam logical pathway. Plants are collected all randomly distillation, water and steam distillation), hydrolytic or by following leads supplied by local healers in maceration followed by distillation, expression and geographical areas where the plants are rig 5. enfl eurage (cold fat extraction) may be employed. Fresh or dried plant materials can be used as a source Some of the in vogue(p) extraction methods for aromatic for the extraction of secondary plant components. plants include headspace trapping, solid phase micro- Many authors had reported about plant extract extraction, protoplast extraction, microdistillation, preparation from the fresh plant tissues.The logic thermomicrodistillation and molecular distillation 3. behind this came from the ethno medicinal use of fresh The basic parameters influencing the quality of an plant materials among the traditional and tribal extract are 1 people.

Should The Internet Be Regulated Media Essay

Should The profits Be Regulated Media EssayInternet censorship has compose a hot military issue to discuss at various levels in the governing body as well as within private entities and individuals. This is the taking discipline of what can be accessed viewed or published through and through the net (Zuchora, 5). It has been argued as to who should be mandated with the responsibility of lucre control. This whitethorn be approved by the government or private organizations. There may be alike self censorship by individuals and private organizations for their own advantage such as morals, ghostlike and business reasons. However more has been said that the government should take control of the culture sent and have through the cyberspace. almost of the motives why the government is wide-awake to take control are to conform to society norms, control intimidation among muckle and also spread of fear among people in any kingdom (Zuchora, 5). According to Obama, the US presid ent he said, we are going to promote new and better tools of colloquy so as people can be empowered and be free to connect with other people in the society and thus with security. The government is going to support a free and also open net so that people have needed information to help them in making decisions. It is also time to embrace the power of internet and its w eitherop to our community.Internet has been known to improve peoples communication as well as reduce the distance barrier among two communicating people. It has been known to impact every aspect of our lives from the way we are taught in school to the way we get news and even how we find and maintain friends. Internet has led to the aim of internet based system. The internet based systems are literally employ in most businesses now. They have improved efficiency and effectiveness especially in the delivery of beloveds and services (Bidgoli, 25). Internet also improved the storage of data, we no longer have to us e files as a way of storing data. This reduced the manual of arms filing systems which was slow and insecure. This ultimately reduced the service time especially in hospitals, banks and all service industries.Over time, there have been differing opinions on the topic internet censorship. Arguments have been made both for and against the need for the government to censor the information flowing through the internet. The degree of censorship varies from wiz country to the other. Some may have highly strict internet censorship such as the Arabic countries i.e. Iran. On the other hand, other countries may have exceedingly little internet censorship such as USA. However, the government should not limit the extent and magnitude of access to the internet in any country. This is because through the internet people have been benefiting from it such as getting news, advertising in case of businesses. There are numerous benefits associated with the use of internet in the community. This expl ains why I am against the issue of government censoring the internet (Zuchora, 7). A good illustration is the case of Iran, there was a plan by the Iranian to switch the internet in the county into a domestic network that was supposed to improve security. The officials in charge argued about improving deliberate cyber attacks, however the Iranians took it as an initiative to filter information online.One of the main obstacles experienced in the community when government censors the internet is the denial of the freedom of speech to the people. Internet use has increased over the last decade. The internet is believed to contain all types of information one may require. Fear of chaos should not be used as the bases to deny people (internet users) the right to express themselves and their feeling. Hence it should not be used for unwarranted censorship of the speech. The supporters of censorship argue that they are protect the society from abuse such as sexual materials and hate being spread over the internet. However, there have been no well laid bases to narrow what is bad to the people. People should be allowed to express their views on any topic in the community. Through the internet, business entities have been able to market their products both topically and internationally. Moreover, due to the changing world where by, news is being broadcasted through the internet for quick access by the people, censorship might deny the right of people to know and contribute to the national matters (Marsden, 164). The internet users should be go forth with consent to conclude what is right and wrong for them. With Internet censorship, freedom of speech through the internet continues to be threatened. The government therefore has no mandate or right to censor speech on the internet as it cannot force the adults to hear what is good for children.Freedom of expression is a vital component in any successful community. Internet has provided one of the most effective and vis ible ways that the indifferent people make their opinions heard. For example, when the US government was planning about Iraq war, it is the bloggers who questioned the action and not the renowned media. This gave chance for anti war opponents to organize. If the government was to regulate the internet, the American people for example would lose an important toll to exercise their freedom of expression (Bidgoli, 264).In addition to freedom of speech, internet responsibility should be go forth on the hands of the parent. One of the main talking points is how much the children should access thought the internet. However, government censorship would hinder the access of information to the adult. The parents should be the one in control of what the childrens access or send through the internet. This would help control what the kids can access. Control of internet usage by the kids should be left within the parents hands as well as school administration. The two people are the ones who are direct contact with the children, and it will be much effective for them to control what kids accesses on the internet. It will be much effective for parents to be responsible for the internet among their children than the government taking control (Caso, 46).Finally, control of internet usage denies privacy to the citizens. Through the censorship, government may use the internet to deny privacy. New technology tools are developed now and then and may be used by the government to deny human right as well as deny peoples privacy. When it comes to monitoring the information sent and received the government interferes with peoples privacy and may end up victimizing. People should be allowed to have their privacy to access what they want through the internet. Through the surveillance of the internet, the style threatens free flow of information and hence violating peoples privacy.However, despite the right to access information to the people, censorship is also needed to reduce the rate of moral abjection of the children. As far as the parents are concerned, they might not be able to monitor their children all the time hence they access wrong information from the internet. On the other hand, internet can be used to fuel crashes between communities or countries hence it should be monitored to what extent does people use the internet. A lot of malicious actions can be done through the net and despite the freedom to information control is needed for the wrong intentions of people.ConclusionFrom the preceding(prenominal) discussed points on the internet usage among people, it is clear that the government should cease from censoring what is sent and received by people through the internet. This is because the internet including other communication technologies has formed unprecedented ways and opportunities to share information between people. The internet has also been of great benefit through the opening of paths for pro-democracy groups, journalist and indivi duals in all parts of the world whereby they have been able to hold government accountable for their actions.While it is true some people misuse the internet by committing crimes, it should not be taken as the reason to regulate the entire medium. The already existing laws are adequate to preserve law and order in the communities. a great deal has been discussed the topic, and it leaves to the decision of the internet users to argue for or against the topic. However I take the stand that the government should not be involved in censoring the internet.

John Stuart Mills Theories On Liberty

John Stuart heros Theories On LibertyJohn Stuart Mill was matchless of the foremost liberal theorists of the nineteenth century, binding modern and classical liberalism in his ideas. His exoneration of liberty however, has been greatly contested by traditionalist views but alike highly defended by revisionist views as result be examined in his paper On Liberty (1859). mill around belief in individualism through useful ethics appears contradictory and highly debated. His prostitutes regulation and his assumptions on human nature also submit to controversial views. On one hand, traditionalists condemn Mill as a highly inconsistent thinker and his work On Liberty very critical in itself, but on the other hand, revisionists see Mill as a consistent thinker who naturally refines and develops pre-existing liberal ideas.J.S. mill father, James Mill, was a strong utilitarian theorist1. His beliefs along with the utilitarianism flora of British philosopher Jeremy Bentham had a huge influence on J.S. Mill growing up2. In Mills essay On Liberty, we can examine how his defence of individualism with utilitarian contentions create critical views. Mill believes in the ethic of utilitarianism in that the state and individuals ought to be judged by their ability and action to promote the great happiness for the greatest number of people3, however as traditionalists see it, attaining the utmost social good involves forfeiting certain individuals and sacrificing their happiness4, because happiness of a majority is greater than the happiness of a few individuals. Thus, the rudiment of utilitarianism is in dispute with Mills beliefs in individuality and self-development.In On Liberty, Mill defends freedom of the individual against tyranny of the majority5where dominant groups, more so the dominance of public opinion, inhibits lesser individuals6. Mills objection to the majority of society excluding the minority contradicts his utilitarian ethic. 19th Century English cr itic James Fitzjames Stephen condemns Mills endeavour to defend individual liberty from a utilitarian viewpoint by arguing that, if the vestigial value for utilitarianism is to effectively enhance happiness of a society to the greatest extent, then a consistent utilitarian policy of social betterment will non be especially tender toward individual liberty7, the interest of the majority outweigh the rights of the individual minority. Stephen views that utilitarian principles pursues social welfare through curb opinions of more or less members of society8and that individualism cannot be viewed with a utilitarian ethic J.S. Mill attempts to do.On the other hand, revisionists plead that such traditionalist views are misinterpreted and that Mills contradictions with utilitarianism is a natural development of his utilitarian predecessors achievements9and his work not entirely incoherent. In Rem B. Edwards view, Mill is a minimizing utilitarian and that the principle of utility-grad e does not impose on individuals the clean obligation to maximize utility10, but focuses on happiness alone as the ultimate standard of value presidential term all human areas of practice.11In On Liberty, Mill regards utility as the ultimate appeal on all ethical questions but it must be utility in the largest sense, grounded on the permanent interests of a man as a progressive being.12That is to say, Mills believes that utilitarianism is principle of the higher pleasures, and that freedom of choice, reflective perspective and active imagination is a vital ingredient to human happiness.13For Mill, diversity of opinion leads to positive social good, therefore overlooking the minority and silencing their opinions deprives the human race, posterity as well as the existing generation.14For revisionists, Mill as a utilitarian is not essentially inconsistent if he knowingly sacrifices some utility for the sake of a fair distribution of the utility that remains.15J.S. Mills notorious p rinciple of liberty, the harms principle has also been disputed by traditionalist and revisionist views. In chapter quadruple of On Liberty, Mill argues that peoples actions ought not to be as free as opinions and should be limited if they are a nuisance to other people16. He states that the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.17Traditionalist criticizes Mills harm principle because Mill leaves room to suggest that it would be acceptable to limit liberty anytime if it could harm society in anyway. By making harm to others a legitimate reason for state interference, the legitimate powers of the state could extend and outweigh the need to value individuality.18Another traditionalist indictment against Mills principle of liberty is towards his account that actions should only be restricted if those actions are other-regarding and effect other people, and not if those actions a re self-regarding, which affect only the individual themselves and therefore should be exercised with absolute freedom19. The traditionalist criticize that we cannot clearly note between the two actions Mill propose, as it is inevitable that peoples actions affect others because people are not entirely secluded, therefore in theory any individual act can cause harm to others. As Fitzjames Stephen puts it, I think that the attempt to distinguish between self-regarding acts and acts which regard others, is like an attempt to distinguish between acts which happen in time and acts which happen in space. Every act happens at some time and in some place, and in like manner every act that we do either does or may affect both ourselves and others. I think, therefore, that the distinction (which, by the way, is not at all a common one) is altogether fallacious and unfounded.20In response to traditionalist criticism, revisionists attempt to clarify self-regarding acts and other-regarding ac ts. In J.C. Reeses essay, A Re-reading of Mill on Liberty, he distinguishes other-regarding actions to affect other peoples interests in their moral rights, that of liberty and security.21Therefore, the harm to others implied in On Liberty refers to the harm of an individuals moral interests, resulting in injustice towards the individual.22As such, revisionist argue that self-regarding actions can be clearly distinguished from other-regarding actions and support Mills harm principle in that actions can be restricted if they are injurious to the moral rights of security and liberty of other people.The significant notion about human nature Mill makes in On Liberty, is how people can best understand and learn about their own opinions and activities from accepting challenging and opposing opinions and arguing against them. One can only reliably understand their opinion by defending it.23This belief, based on the social utility of the individual is significantly disputed by traditionali sts who argue people may not be able to best understand their opinions and values from dissent. For example, people who have different vocabulary for discussing moral and political issues may simply argue past each other, rather than challenge opposing opinions and therefore a diversity of opinions may not be socially beneficiary as it cannot ontogeny utility, or happiness, which Mill defends as the essence of liberty.24Mills claim about the need for dissent in order to truly understand ones own opinions is herewith less convincing.It is easy to see how J.S. Mills defence of liberty is highly contentious in views. As explained in this essay, Mills prominent works such as On Liberty, gather traditionalist criticism as well as revisionist support. While traditionalists criticize Mills defence of liberty from a utilitarian ethic, revisionists encourage us to respect Mills work as a distinct process of developing liberalism. Mill refuses to accept fully the utilitarian principles famil ial from his father and Bentham, nor reject them for his belief in individual sovereignty25, but rather attempts to settle the two antagonistic viewpoints to defend liberty.

Change Management in an Organisation

Change Management in an OrganisationThe assignment focuses on the outcomes of the landing subject of the module-Organizational Behaviour which deals with the importance of the governanceal principles in any company linked to its success in desire run. I have focused myself to study the upshot of BHARAT PETROLEUM COMPANY LIMITED in reference to miscellanea of shaping body coordinate bringing in success.Though the objective of the study is to analyse the organisation in the context of dynamics of deviate affecting its very functioning with respect of organizational issues, the limitation of the study is inability to take up solely issues considering organisation behaviour.In 1952 cardinal different companies Shell Petroleum Company and Burmah Oil Company, UK signed an agreement with the Indian Government to prep atomic number 18 a fresh refinery in Mumbai and the name of the refinery was Burmah Oil Refineries Ltd. In 1957 it started and worked in a proper flow, In 1976 India n Government changed their policy and nationalized the petroleum industry. Indian Government acquired the sleep with equity in Burmah Oil Refineries Ltd and changed from Burmah Oil Refineries Ltd to Bharat Refineries Ltd. In 1977 the Indian Government again changed its name to Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL).Industry EnvironmentIndian governances acquired BPCL in 1970 in the act of nationalisation arrangement of Indian governments. In 1991 It was monitored and under the super stack of government till economic reorganizations. Government monitored the hale the expenses, raw materials and the curio products purchase and selling price, manufacture capacity, uses of the raw materials, circulation, and what is the return on investment were monitored by the government. Three main combined merchandising and purifying companies were in that respect at that time and many sm both and independent companies were supplying their product to these companies. Government improved thei r strategy for work and en handsomed the distribution network in all over the country, like setup new retail outlets to reduce the competition along with their competitor.PrivatizationAs a part of the ongoing economic reforms the government was actively pursuing privatization of the public sector companies.A couple of senior managers state Privatization is a slight that will happen. One cant b new(prenominal) too oft to the highest degree the future without knowing what is going to happen. It is inevitable and we cant do about it.We dont know what will happen to BPCL and us. Tomorrow we may non subsist as BPCL. We might become a part of Shell or Reliance or some other organization. The impeding competition as swell as the uncertainty of existence in the present form created anxiety in the organization across all take aims. Some considered it to be an opportunity where as others considered it as a let down by the government and the organization. The organization initiated numer ous changes in order to transform itself to face the future competition.Initiation of the Restructuring carry outThe initiation for restructuring the organization was by the personal initiative of the CMD Mr. U Sundararajan. He had earlier been appointed by the government to study the petroleum industry in other countries as a preamble for deregulation. He had create a cross well-designed squad for studying the effectiveness of the models followed by different countries. Mr.Sundararajan and the team canvass more than two deoxycytidine monophosphate books and numerous articles on deregulation, oil industry and best practices. Mr. Sundararajan realized the inability of his organization to compete with MNCs with deregulation. He started the reorganization routine through discussions with the top management, the board and the governmentThe path which BPCL LTD choose to face the competition and initiatives taken in terms of organizational Behaviour has been assessed in this assignm ent.For the utilisation of analyzing the focus was laid down on key aspects of organization behavior which ar organizational structure, change of team and organizational culture and climate in terms of Coaches of Organizational Learning which can be correlated to the case.Coaches of Organizational LearningConsultants from Innovation Associates (a subsidiary of ADL) initially trained a group of flight simulator in systems idea and organizational education. A team of around thirty full time coaches and more than sixty part time coaches were trained in turn by these. These coaches conducted two programs namely Visionary Leadership Planning (VLP) and Foundations of Organisational Learning (FOL). More than six hundred managers have undergone VLP and more than five deoxyguanosine monophosphate management and non-management staff have undergone FOL. VLP program is designed to help teams clarify and understand reasons for their queer existence, co-create team aspirations, realistically assess current reality and grow a Strategy to cover up the gap. The teams identify High Leverage Results they are passionate about and assign responsibilities to a few pieces with the whole team agreeing to alimentation the process. FOL program is designed to create a common language of learning in organizations. The coaches were instrumental in creating a non-threatening atmosphere for change and alike in providing the inputs on systems speak uping and learning organization, enabling effectiveness of the various task obligates em conditioned for quick result changes.One of the trainer statesWe have utilize for instructor education with skeptism. We later realized the importance of systems ideas and organizational education. The first program was a mind opening experience. The inputs on functional silos reflected our organization. Now we are hardcore followers of systems ideas.CommunicationCommunication played a important role during out the change process. A bulletin was pro moted that provided usual updates to the whole organization about the visioning practice, the assessment of current reality, status of the quick fix opportunities and the new structure. In every stage the scandalize through teams had a high level of interaction with the concerned divisions. The informal channel of communication was also taken tutorship of by including community from all realistic constituencies in the change intercept through teams. A top down approach was used to pass away the change plan with help from the break through team members.One CUSECS member reiteratesCommunication played a fundamental role in CUSECS throw. The common updates through the newsletter and informal communication through the members to their parent departments was useful in updating the whole organization quickly. We identified enablers in each department, people who are opinion shapers and we particularly embattled them. We convinced them first and then asked them to communicate to oth ers about the changeTop Management InvolvementThe CMD was occupied throughout the reorganization process. He communicated his hold to the change activities by personal involvement, and regular admiration to the change management team and the particular task forces. He played the role of a mentor to the team members. He also interacted with a large number of employees during the visioning, assessment and finishing point stages. Young managers recount stories of his support to the change team, where he gave total freedom to come up with creative ideas and salutary guarded them from backlashes from well-known constituencies.Mr. Sundararajan recallsIn the prime period I talked to lots of group of people regarding the need for reorganization. The leader has to act not just talk. sass service will not work for long. If individual says one will take of care of the subordinates then one has to when something happensChange Opportunities for Quick ResultsDuring the assessment process, the break through teams identified many opportunities where small changes were likely to produce foremost results. Special task forces for working on the identified opportunities were created and started working in equivalent. The think over forces were provided with adequate training and were in constant communication with the break through teams. At one point of time there were more than six hundred task forces working across the organization on thousands of opportunities identified in the change plan. Market study, brand create, packaging, operational efficiency of congeals, correct quantity and fictitious character of products, cash collections, and safety are some areas where task forces worked to produce quick results.Creating a Shared VisionThe visioning exercise was conducted to develop clarity and common arrangement about the potential of the association. The visioning work out started with the panel. The exercise was extended across the company in a escalation approach fl owing from the top management to the immature management facilitated by internal experts trained particularly for the same.The core of the vision as articulated by the organizational members across the organization is given below.Be the BEST Establish first class brands and Make the workplace exciting somatic image Improve boundary management Excellent client care and service Fulfill social responsibilities, to Go for excellent performance and ethical operational efficiency Apply the best technology. Make people a origin of improvement Make systems strong and dynamic.Below figure elaborates the nine broad themes in the shared out vision of BPCL. The visioning exercise provided an opportunity for articulation of the aspirations of the people. The process brought the whole organization out of lethargy, and increased the energy levels and expectations on persons, teams and the company. Since the vision was iterated throughout the organization, there was greater buy in for the chang e.One of the managers statesWe were all amazed that the vision was so much in unison across the organization. It creately stated that people had great aspirations but never expressed them. This exercise made us realize the possibilities for the future of BPCL.Change Plan ground on the inputs from the shared vision and current reality, a workshop was conducted to develop a change plan. The change plan came to six volumes with over one thousand and six hundred pages.The change plan included theOrganizational assessmentWell defined corporate valuesVision articulated in terms of critical business processes, andAreas of change to achieve the visionOrganizational Assessment Current RealityBased on the initial diagnosis by the CUSECS team and the visioning workshop for top management, it was decided that an organization wide assessment exercise would be conducted simultaneously with the shared visioning exercise.Six break through teams were formed. The teams were obligated for assessing the organizational reality in terms of Marketing, Lubricants and Refining Support services and management Logistics processes LPG.The marketing team looked at the customer management processes, product management processes and execution management processes.The refining team compared the effectiveness of the refinery lube oil processing and LPG plants with the best international players winning into account the machinery age and technology employed. Various performance parameters like crude acquisition, energy consumption, and capital expenditure were assessed.The logistics team also looked at the existing logistics infrastructure, economic science of supply and distribution, opportunities for cost reduction, supply points vs. consumption centers, impact of taxes and duty, and comparison with benchmarks and competitors.The LPG team compared the LPG marketing with that of the international and local competitors. The customer base, pricing policies, interface between the customer and marketing and future plans were critically reviewed.The lubricants team analyzed the organizational competitive position in comparison to the competition. It also looked at the packaging, pricing, branding, trade channels, the existing correlative venture arrangements, and future plans. The team responsible for support services and management processes evaluated the human resource practices (for example work culture, HR processes, training and development, and appraisal and compensation), the knowledge systems (for example use of different software packages, integration and use of IT), and accounting practices in terms of clarity, speed and cost.The break through teams also assessed the organizational structure in terms of roles and responsibilities, levels and accountability, human resource development in terms of training, appraisal and compensation. Each team interacted with all the stakeholders concerned including the unions, suppliers, distributors, customers, financial i nstitutes, local communities, government officials, and so on. Assessment was carried out in a non- threatening manner, with constant and rich communication of the activities carried out by the break through teams.The assessment exercise created an internal environment for change. The organizational assessment exercise found the followingCollective dissatisfaction with the status quoLow customer focus and customer orientation huge gap between the vision and capabilities to achieve it, andMany opportunities for quick improvementChange TeamA change team was formed with twenty-two managers nominative from various functions across levels. The team size grew to thirty as the project progressed. The team members had varied performance records, educational qualifications and experience. The CMD did not believe in free importance to those with higher degrees over others. His philosophy was to provide an opportunity to average people in an empowered and enabled environment to achieve great results.Mr. Sundararajan saysInitially when we formed the change team I asked for nominations from various departments and they nominated all kinds of people. I did not nominate the best mangers in BPCL because I have observed many times in my career, if people are given the right environment and opportunities they would rise up to it. And my faith was not misplaced. These youngsters did a wonderful job.The change project was titled CUSECS for Customer Service Customer Satisfaction. The consultant ADL trained the CUSECS team. The training included topics like negotiations, interpersonal effectiveness, presentations, systems thinking, and best practices. The CUSECS team was provided with all the information and support required to develop skills in diagnosis, change strategy formulation, organization design, and implementation. Those who could not take up the huge workload and stress were requested to leave and crossroads their parent departments. The team conducted a short diagnos is of the organizational issues with facilitation by consultants and made presentations to the top management.One of the CUSECS team members stateWe were initially frustrated and otiose to understand why ADL wanted us to think through everything ourselves, rather than telling us what is best. Later, we appreciated their approach in enabling us to think and decide for ourselves what is best for the organization. We were trained exhaustively starting from presentation skills, negotiation skills to systems thinking and so on.Designing the New StructureThere was a clear consensus among the change management team, top management team and the consultants that the functional structure would not be able to sustain initiatives taken to create the customer central organization. The obvious solution was to create customer centric strategic business units (SBUs). The change management team with assistance of the consultants considered various options. The redesign process took about a month. The CMD was personally involved in this. To prevent any interference from day to day activities he officially took leave and was present as a resource person. The change team discussed the various choices in structure with all the stakeholders. There were apprehensions among senior managers regarding the new structure and no consensus emerged on the new structure. Politicking and power plays were observed, with each function trying to retain the existing status in terms of power and control. Finally the CMD personally called for a meeting of the functional heads and other senior managers. Asking the group to discuss, negotiate and come with a concrete solution acceptable to everyone, he locked the room and waited outside. Finally a design was pass that was acceptable to all. The final structure was not the optimum structure as envisioned by the change team but one acceptable to all the members of the top management team.ImplementationThe new structure was rolled out in phased manne r to ensure effective implementation. The new structure was first use in the LPG SBU. Based on the experience, the new design was implemented across the organization with necessary modifications. Further, in each of the proposed SBUs specific regions were identified and the new structure was implemented to verify the smooth functioning before full implementation.Organizational StructureThe older structure was functionally organized. There were mainly four functions (refineries, marketing, pay and personnel) each headed by an executive director reporting to the (CMD). Other support departments like corporate affairs, legal, audit, vigilance, coordination and company secretary were directly under the CMD.The Director refinery was in charge of refinery, corporate planning, JV refineries and special projects. Other than corporate finance and marketing finance EDP was also under the Director finance. In marketing, there were different departments for retail, industry, LPG, lubricants and aviation segments. Corporate communication was also under Director meeting.The whole of India was divided into four regions and further into 22 divisions. Each region was headed by a Regional Manager who was in charge of all activities within the region and reported to the Director marketing. Each region had a manager in charge of each of regional personnel, regional engineering, regional industrial customers, regional retail, and regional finance. Regional LPG was under regional industrial customers. The division was the responsibility of the divisional Manager reporting to the Regional Manager. He had a manager each for sales, operations and engineering. Each of these was responsible for sales, depots and engineering respectively for all the customer segments. crossways the marketing function, except for the corporate departments (LPG, industrial customer, etc.) specifically looking after a customer segment, every individual and role is focused on three-fold customer segments . For example any strategy addressing the industrial customers originates from the Corporate Department (Industrial Customer), goes via the Director Marketing, Regional Manager, Divisional Manager to the Sales Officer. All of them are responsible for multiple customer segments like retail, LPG, industrial, etc. and deal with different classes of customers. Hence there was very low customer awareness in terms of the unique needs of the different customer segments, with no single individual at the operational level having clarity on any single customer segment. Moreover, the marketing strategy was formulated by people who were far from the customer with very low brain of the customer they were targeting. The implementers were responsible for diverse customers with a low understanding of the logic of these strategies meant for each customer segment. Thus the old structure had created a bottleneck between the strategy formulators and implementers in terms of the regional structure, an d between the field staff and the corporate offices and refinery.Activities of a business process are spread out across different functions and levels of hierarchy, engaging many individuals. There was a long chain of non-value adding linkages between any two activities targeting a business / customer. For example, when an industrial customer gives a special order of lubes to the sales officer, the corporate lubes purchases the base oil, plant blends it, SD packs it and the sales officer sells it. The Sales Officer would communicate the order to the Divisional Manager, who passes it on to the Regional Manager. Then the order would be routed to the Corporate Lubes for processing. Everyone involved in the activities of this process belong to different functions and hierarchy levels. This long chain of communication had led to a lack of customer orientation, low awareness of customer needs and expectations and slow response.The New SBU StructureThe new structure was focused on the busi ness processes and the customer.The new structure at the top management level is the same. vanadium SBUs Retail, Lubes, Industry/Commercial, LPG and Aviation are customer centered SBUs and come under the director (marketing). The sixth SBU, Refinery along with two new departments IT Supply Chain and RD are under the director (refineries). Each SBU would have its own HR, IS, finance, logistics, sales, engineering, etc. The number of layers in the organization was reduced to four from six or seven.The major change is the introduction of the territories covering a smaller geographical area and focusing on specific customer segments. In retail SBU the new structure had 669 territories reporting to the four regional offices, where as in the earlier structure there were and 22 divisions which catered to all segments. In other SBUs the regional office was remote and territories were designed to directly report to the SBU heads. Each grime team leader was responsible for sales in the territory just now for a specific product. The territory structure was designed to enable the field staff to focus on specific customer segments. Authority was also delegated down the hierarchy and decision make pushed to the lowest possible levels. Decisions earlier taken at the regional level were taken now at the territory level. Further authority was delegated to the role and not the hierarchy level. Administrative offices have been moved to supply locations that consist of 125 terminals for main fuels and 35 LPG bottling ones. In LPG SBU head office there are only nine personnel and across the territories even managers at senior positions have been forced to get business. The new design incorporated recalibration of roles and responsibilities and redeployment of more than two thousand people (around one fifth of total employee enduringness) across the organization. It created new roles at the front effectively using redundant manpower to increase customer interface and inter action.Since the corporate and support functions are now located within the SBUs the new design included lateral linkage mechanisms (see Appendix C). Governance Councils, work on Councils, and Task forces (to address specific organizational issues) were the mechanisms for integrating the different parts of the organization.Some Salient Features of New Structure wereHighly empowered work forceDecentralized decision makingDe-linking of authority from hierarchical levelsOrientation towards internal and external customersRegular market research and customer surveysConscious brand building effortsOrganizational Structure before redesignOrganizational Structure after redesignConclusionBharat Petroleum realises that, in the long run, success can only come with a total reorientation and change in approach with the customer as the focal point. Today, Bharat Petroleum is restructured into a Corporate Centre, Strategic blood Units (SBUs) and Shared Services and Entities.From the last many ye ars Bharat Petroleum continues face many challenges of the quickly changing environment. Bharat petroleum make advance and changes their products and services accord to the changing environment. In day by day changing in bharat petroleum only one factor has remained unchanged this is Bharat Petroleums employees which are the source of strength and motivation of Bharat Petroleums in their future innovations. Bharat Petroleum wants their employees to understand the complexity of the market, customers requirements, and offer the innovative products to meets the customers requirements.For Bharat Petroleum, promise by its staffs is a critical resource. BPCL believe that only a cheerful worker will place his best result and a good relationship with the customs, Bharat Petroleum deployed and also will plan to implement some(prenominal) steps to make the organisation a great place to work or worker get best organisation environment. Hewitt Associates conducted a survey for line Today mag azine in the January 2001 issue to identify the best employers, and in this survey Bharat Petroleum was one of top ten employers in India. The main pauperism of the survey was to discover out which companies had really charged the expressive and intellectual energy of their employees. The companies who were in the top list were Hughes, ICICI, P and G, Asian Paints, Hewlett-Packard, HLL, Infosys, LG and Compaq.Bharat Petroleum adopts solid value-based HR methods for growth of individuals and their organisational skills with a assessment to provide them with a competitive edge and also to realise their private vision in tandem with the mercenary vision.Bharat Petroleum has been conferred the National HRD Award 2000 by National HRD Network for making Outstanding Contribution to HRD.At the National Petroleum Management Programme (NPMP) on Excellence in Creativity and Innovation (1999-2000), Bharat Petroleum employees bagged all the three awards in the individual category, along with four certificates of recognition in the team category.

Allusions In Invisible Man Essay -- essays research papers

Allusions in Invisible military man     Invisible Man, written with ingenuity by Ralph Waldo Ellison, is a chef-doeuvre byitself, but it excessively intertwines into every page one or more bothusions to previously writtenmasterpieces. Whether intentionally or unintentionally, and whether it was Ellison whoincorporated the works into his have got or others who incorporated his work into their own,it makes for a shiny piece of literature. Ellison defines the character of the InvisibleMan through literary, Biblical, and historical allusions.     In the "Prologue," the narrator writes, Call me Jack-the-Bear, for I am inhibernation (6). . Although vague, this reference to Jack indicates all the Jacks in thefairy tales (Jack and the Beanstalk, Jack and Jill, etc.) Jack, the common maven,allows the reader to know that Invisible Man is the protagonist right away. The commentthat he is in hibernation refers to his unceasing battle betw een being the protagonist or theantagonist whether to act according to his feelings and instincts, or to depict to follow themysterious words of his deceased grandfather. Also, familiar Jack can be seen as aprotagonist throughout the book as well. even out earlier in the chapter, a reference to EdgarAllan Poe is do I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who stalkEdgar Allan Poe... This allusion, clear and concise, refers to the "spooks" who hauntedEdgar Allan Poe and right away defines the narrators invisibility. He is not a ghost orspirit, but is invisible through his character, actions, and feelings about himself.      In appendix to these allusions, Dantes Inferno is referred to in the Prologue as well.Invisible Man relates the action of going to his radical in the basement of the apartmentbuilding to descending into Hell. He comments that his ambuscade is warm and full of light... Idoubt that at that place is a brighter spot i n all of New York than this hole of mine.. (6.) Thishole that the narrator refers to is the basement home that he discovers later in the allegory. This is when he also realizes and accepts his invisibility. At this time the Invisible Man isboth happy to accept his identity (or lack thereof) and virulent at the realization that he hasno identity. This is why he refers to this as a place similar to hell,... ...he will always be black. No function how much he, or any of his Brothers attempt to dislodge themselves, they will never be able to rid themselves of the burden of their brownskin. Another historical allusion occurs on page 389 when Brother Tarp gives a modifiedgift to the Invisible Man. He gives him a touch on of the chain the locked him down during hisyears of slavery. This is a coke to the narrator because it forces him to realize howrecent slavery occurred. At first, he does not want the object, but after being scolded forhaving it on his desk by another Brother, he h as grown attached to it. both the bank andthe link are objects that stayed with the narrator throughout the story. On page 548 hedrops his brief case containing his treasured, yet burdensome items, and insists on goingback against a airplane of fire to retrieve the brief case. This is another example of how theseitems have become part of his identity.      Allusions are an highly effective device in literature. They help to reinforceideas previously thought of by others. In Invisible Man the narrators character issuccessfully defined through the use of allusions throughout the novel Allusions In Invisible Man Essay -- essays research papers Allusions in Invisible Man     Invisible Man, written with ingenuity by Ralph Waldo Ellison, is a masterpiece byitself, but it also intertwines into every page one or more allusions to previously writtenmasterpieces. Whether intentionally or unintentionally, and whether it was Ellison who incorporated the works into his own or others who incorporated his work into their own,it makes for a brilliant piece of literature. Ellison defines the character of the InvisibleMan through literary, Biblical, and historical allusions.     In the "Prologue," the narrator writes, Call me Jack-the-Bear, for I am inhibernation (6). . Although vague, this reference to Jack indicates all the Jacks in thefairy tales (Jack and the Beanstalk, Jack and Jill, etc.) Jack, the common protagonist,allows the reader to know that Invisible Man is the protagonist right away. The commentthat he is in hibernation refers to his constant battle between being the protagonist or theantagonist whether to act according to his feelings and instincts, or to try to follow themysterious words of his deceased grandfather. Also, Brother Jack can be seen as aprotagonist throughout the book as well. Even earlier in the chapter, a reference to EdgarAllan Poe is made I am an invisible man . No, I am not a spook like those who hauntedEdgar Allan Poe... This allusion, clear and concise, refers to the "spooks" who hauntedEdgar Allan Poe and right away defines the narrators invisibility. He is not a ghost orspirit, but is invisible through his character, actions, and feelings about himself.      In addition to these allusions, Dantes Inferno is referred to in the Prologue as well.Invisible Man relates the action of going to his home in the basement of the apartmentbuilding to descending into Hell. He comments that his hole is warm and full of light... Idoubt that there is a brighter spot in all of New York than this hole of mine.. (6.) Thishole that the narrator refers to is the basement home that he discovers later in the novel. This is when he also realizes and accepts his invisibility. At this time the Invisible Man isboth happy to accept his identity (or lack thereof) and bitter at the realization that he hasno identity. This is why he ref ers to this as a place similar to hell,... ...he will always be black. No matter how much he, or any of his Brothers attempt toliberate themselves, they will never be able to rid themselves of the burden of their brownskin. Another historical allusion occurs on page 389 when Brother Tarp gives a specialgift to the Invisible Man. He gives him a link of the chain the locked him down during hisyears of slavery. This is a shock to the narrator because it forces him to realize howrecent slavery occurred. At first, he does not want the object, but after being scolded forhaving it on his desk by another Brother, he has grown attached to it. both the bank andthe link are objects that stayed with the narrator throughout the story. On page 548 hedrops his brief case containing his treasured, yet burdensome items, and insists on goingback against a sheet of fire to retrieve the brief case. This is another example of how theseitems have become part of his identity.      All usions are an extremely effective device in literature. They help to reinforceideas previously thought of by others. In Invisible Man the narrators character issuccessfully defined through the use of allusions throughout the novel

hepatitis :: essays research papers

HepatitisHepatitis In modern society when a person gets sick with the flu or a coldness they will usually go about their normal routine with the exception of a sneeze or a cough throughout the day. Sometimes things green goddess be more than what they appear to be. The symptoms start out like the flu with coughing, fever, aches, and vomiting. However, the disease gradually worsens with symptoms of extreme weakness and excruciating abdominal pain. By and so it is usually too late when the person finds out that their liver is failing and that there disease is caused by one of the most contagious, dangerous and deadliest of viruses. These viruses that were initially out of sight by flu like symptoms are now known collectively as the disease of Hepatitis. The disease of Hepatitis is actually by six different types of viral infections, namely, Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G. Hepatitis descries the destructive affect of the viral invasion of the body and liver by six and separate viru ses. Each type of viral infection varies from one to other in degree of severity. The names of the viruses are in alphabetical order corresponding to their discovery. There is also a non-viral Hepatitis which is caused by substance. One rumor that has stretch about hepatitis is that a person can only contract Hepatitis if associated with HIV or AIDS. This is not true Any one can become give with Hepatitis. Unfortunately this is about all most people know of Hepatitis. They need to know the full horror of which the virus is capable. The first of the Hepatitis viral infection to be discovered is Hepatitis A. Hep. A is the mild mannered virus compared to the other viruses. It has the symptoms of influenza, fever, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weakening of body, but it does choose some differences such as jaundice (a yellowing pigmentation of the pelt and whites of the eyes) and urine appears to be a darker color. Jaundice is caused by an abundance of bilirubon which has not been removed from the blood system due to the infected liver. Hep. A does not have any special medications or antibiotics that can be used to treat or prevent this unpleasant virus. Some ways of avoiding this viral infection overwhelm washing the hands very carefully and not eating food or drink of others. People living in the same house or having close contact should clean the area very thoroughly.