Was Germany responsible for the Outbreak of WW1?

There is much evidence to suggest that German Aggression was responsible for the outbreak of a general European war in August 1914. Both Sources 1 and 2 play on the idea that both the Kaiser and Bethmann Hollweg used its foreign policies to create tension within Europe which consequently led to a European war. Source 1 argues ‘Germany’s foreign policy aims were focused on annexation, and that she went to was to achieve these aims’ highlighting the forceful nature which Germany could have possessed in this era.However, Source 3 argues that infact the growing tension in Europe arguably led Germany to fight a defensive war and that it was infact Britain, Russia and France through Germany’s fear of invasion who stimulated the war; ‘The British were determined to maintain their naval superiority, whatever the financial and political cost’. This leads to the judgement that although there is some evidence to suggest that Germany did fight a defensive war to some extent, overall German aggression did lead to the outbreak of a general European war.Firstly, the idea that Germany did fight an aggressive war can be seen through Germany’s increasing desire for European Hegemony. The fact that Germany was slowly but surly disabling European peace in its quest for Weltpolitik shows how Germany were looking for confrontation. The Moroccan Crisis’ of 1905-11 highlights the Kaiser’s desire to expand the German empire into other continents as well as just Europe. The consequences of this crisis furthermore increased the bitterness between the Germans and the French; showing how the idea of Weltpolitik played a large part in the why Germany had an aggressive attitude to war.Both Source 1 and 2 follow the line of argument that the aggression had led to war, and that ‘Germanys foreign policy aims were focused on annexation, and that she went to war to achieve these aims’ shows that Germany had had every intent ion to go to war. That, in conclusion with the latter emergence of the Schlieffen plan suggests how Germany were prepared to go to war highlighting that the idea they were fighting an defensive war could be hard to believe. Source 2 furthermore states that Was Germany responsible for the Outbreak of WW1? There is much evidence to suggest that German Aggression was responsible for the outbreak of a general European war in August 1914. Both Sources 1 and 2 play on the idea that both the Kaiser and Bethmann Hollweg used its foreign policies to create tension within Europe which consequently led to a European war. Source 1 argues ‘Germany’s foreign policy aims were focused on annexation, and that she went to was to achieve these aims’ highlighting the forceful nature which Germany could have possessed in this era.However, Source 3 argues that infact the growing tension in Europe arguably led Germany to fight a defensive war and that it was infact Britain, Russia and France through Germany’s fear of invasion who stimulated the war; ‘The British were determined to maintain their naval superiority, whatever the financial and political cost’. This leads to the judgement that although there is some evidence to suggest that Germany did fight a defensive war to some extent, overall German aggression did lead to the outbreak of a general European war.Firstly, the idea that Germany did fight an aggressive war can be seen through Germany’s increasing desire for European Hegemony. The fact that Germany was slowly but surly disabling European peace in its quest for Weltpolitik shows how Germany were looking for confrontation. The Moroccan Crisis’ of 1905-11 highlights the Kaiser’s desire to expand the German empire into other continents as well as just Europe. The consequences of this crisis furthermore increased the bitterness between the Germans and the French; showing how the idea of Weltpolitik played a large part in the why Germany had an aggressive attitude to war.Both Source 1 and 2 follow the line of argument that the aggression had led to war, and that ‘Germanys foreign policy aims were focused on annexation, and that she went to war to achieve these aims’ shows that Germany had had every intent ion to go to war. That, in conclusion with the latter emergence of the Schlieffen plan suggests how Germany were prepared to go to war highlighting that the idea they were fighting an defensive war could be hard to believe. Source 2 furthermore states that

For my GCSE Geography research project I have been asked to look at the impacts of Tourism in Kenya

For my GCSE Geography research project I have been asked to look at the impacts of Tourism in Kenya. I am going to be covering background information, which includes; the physical features and tourist attractions, climate features, people of Kenya and cultural features, vegetation and wildlife. I am also going to be looking at the factors that have led to the growth of tourism in Kenya and the benefits and problems tourism has caused. Background information Kenya is a less economically developed country (LEDC) in east Africa. Kenya covers an area of 582,646 square kilometres – the United Kingdom is 244,100 square kilometres in area. Kenya has a population of around 30 million, compared with the UK's 60 million. Kenya is situated astride the equator and has a hot, tropical climate. The country is bordered by Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia and to Kenya's east is the Indian Ocean. Figure 1 shows the map of Africa and an arrow showing where Kenya is located. Physical features and tourist attractions In Kenya there are two basic areas, plains (low grassy areas) and Highlands (high, mountain areas). The plains are very active areas. The Natives go about their daily business of farming and doing chores all day. While animals like elephants and giraffes roam around freely. Some houses are built high up on poles so that the animals can't get at them. The flat coastal plain along the Indian Ocean varies in width from 15-70km, and the land then gradually rises up to the highlands. The Highlands are much more deserted. Kenya's highest mountain is named Mount Kenya. It towers over everything else in the country. The only areas left to name are the rural towns (the cities). There is really not much you can say about them, as they are most like what we live in. Buildings, roads, people wearing normal clothing, etc. That is the one odd thing about Kenya. It has both areas of traditional living (the way they've been doing it for hundreds of years) and rural living (modern things like the ones I just mentioned) One more thing about Kenya's physical features, they only have summertime. You may not think that affects the way the country looks, but think about it. Weather affects the animals, people, and buildings, pretty much everything. Kenya's tourist attractions range from safaris through game parks to beautiful beaches on the coast. Until 1969, tourism development had focused on Nairobi's hotels and on its game parks. Subsequently, coastal tourism received increasing attention, and tie-ins between game park and beach stays became more common, attracting visitors from East Africa and from overseas. Kenya's coasts offer intriguing cultural and historical surroundings including picturesque old Arab towns and the ruins of sixteenth-century Portuguese settlements. There are ideal conditions for SCUBA diving and game fishing together with 150 miles of unspoiled beaches protected from sharks by the great coral barrier reef. New cottage-style hotels draw on local architectural styles and decor and offer an international standard of luxury. Most visitors to Kenya, however, continue to come primarily to see its varied wildlife, in particular, the world's largest concentrations of elephant, giraffe, antelope, and zebra. Though hunting safaris have declined since their colonial heyday, restricted game hunting continues to draw enthusiasts. Kenya has an outstanding record among African countries in the protection and development of game parks and lodges. Climate features Kenya is divided by the equator into two almost equal parts. The region north of the equator is hot and receives comparatively little rain. The southern region falls into three zones. Kenya has a great climatic diversity that goes in parallel with the different geographic regions described elsewhere. As an Equatorial country, there is little variation in temperatures throughout the year. However, among regions there are great differences in average temperatures and rainfall. This climatologic diversity is mainly due to the winds and the altitude differences. The rainfall pattern is important because of its influence on wildlife and the road conditions. Upon the rains, many roads become flooded or muddy and are impassable. The rainy season is divided in two periods: the long rains fall between March and June, whereas the short rains take place between October and November. In general, temperatures are higher during the months corresponding to the boreal winter, i.e., January, February and March. Below is a graph showing the temperature and rainfall in Nairobi, Kenya. People of Kenya and cultural features Kenya has a very diverse population that includes most major language groups of Africa. Traditional pastoralists, rural farmers, Muslims, and urban residents of Nairobi and other cities contribute to the cosmopolitan culture. The standard of living in major cities, once relatively high compared to much of Sub-Saharan Africa, has been declining in recent years. Most city workers retain links with their rural, extended families and leave the city periodically to help work on the family farm. About 75% of the work force is engaged in agriculture, mainly as subsistence farmers. The urban sector employs 0.9 million people. The national motto of Kenya is harambee, meaning â€Å"pull together.† In that spirit, volunteers in hundreds of communities build schools, clinics, and other facilities each year and collect funds to send students abroad. The five state universities enroll about 38,000 students, representing some 25% of the Kenyan students who qualify for admission. Kenya is grouped into more than 70 ethnic groups, Some of the ethnic tribes are large e.g. the Agikuyu who form a majority of the population within their homeland in the central province and can also be seen to be in large numbers in the other districts in Kenya. The other large ethnic groups include the Luo, Luhya, Kamba and Kalenjin. There are also some groups of people who form a very small population. This includes the tribe of El Molo. Kenya's ethnic groups are divided into three linguistic groups namely; Bantu, Bukusu, Nilotes, Cushites and there are others. Many of Kenya's foremost cultural institutions are in either Nairobi or Mombassa. In Nairobi are the National Museums of Kenya, which include exhibits on natural history and geology; the Kenya National Archives; and the McMillan Memorial Library, with a special collection of Africana. In Mombassa is the Fort Jesus Museum, a history museum housed in a 16th-century Portuguese fort. The Kitale Museum features displays on scientific and historical topics. Vegetation and wildlife Vegetation in the north and northeast is sparse, primarily consisting of thorn bush. In the south area there are acacias and tree cacti of the Euphorbia genus. The giant Baobab (Adansonia digitata), of the Bombacacea family, outstands for its spectacularity, sometimes growing to 18m high and with the trunks reaching 9m in diameter. Its long and pulpy fruit is good for eating, and the bark is used for manufacturing ropes and cloth. Vegetation is more diverse and abundant only at the oasis in the north and northeast, in the river valleys and in areas such as Taà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ta Hills, with an alpine-like landscape. Given the extension of the arid regions, the biggest part of Kenya's land consists of deserts or semi-deserted steppes. Most visitors to Kenya want to experience the country's world famous wildlife. But there are many different ways to experience the Kenyan wilderness. Whether you want to drive by a pride of lions in a four wheel drive, walk through herds of plains game, watch a herd of elephants from the comfortable veranda of a safari lodge, track game on horseback or search for rare birds in a thick rainforest, the possibilities are endless. Kenya's wilderness areas are famous worldwide. The name Kenya has become synonymous with the great wilds of Africa. But they represent far more than you would ever expect, protecting and showcasing a broad range of habitats and species. They are complex ecologies that depend on the conservation of diverse natural resources and systems. The Parks, Sanctuaries and Conservation areas co-exist with and depend on the communities that surround them, and work together to protect the future. From the depths of a coral reef to alpine mountains, from one of the worlds most endangered owls to a herd of wildebeest more than a million strong, the wilderness of Kenya is a wonder to behold. Factors that have led to growth of tourism Tourists are people who travel for pleasure. The tourist industry looks after the needs of tourists and provides the things that help them get to places to help them relax and enjoy themselves. Tourism is a big industry. It is one of the worlds fastest growing industries and in the near future it is expected to employ more people worldwide than any other industry. The growth of tourism in Kenya is due to the tourists being attracted to areas of great scenic beauty or where there is abundant wildlife. Kenya is a land of contrasts, and nowhere is this more apparent than in its range of altitudes. The hills and mountains of Kenya are a world apart from the lowland valleys and plains. High altitude Kenya offers something for everyone. There are refreshing hill walks through bird rich areas or more active hikes into montane forests. Above all there is mighty Mt Kenya, whose slopes are the perfect trekking destination. Kenya is the home of the safari. The boundless wilderness and big game of this region has long attracted adventure seekers from all over the globe. No other African country can boast such an incredible range of landscapes, unique geographical features and species. Kenya offers the visitor a chance to experience a natural world unchanged by the passage of time. The Kenyan wilderness is home to an endless array of ecosystems, the staging ground for natural cycles of life, death and regeneration as old as the planet itself. This great range of natural habitats means that there is plenty to explore, and plenty of species to encounter. The Massai Mara Game Reserve is widely considered to be Africa's greatest wildlife reserve. The Mara comprises 200 sq miles of open plains, woodlands and riverine forest. Contiguous with the plains of the Serengeti, the Mara is home to a breathtaking array of life. The vast grassland plains are scattered with herds of Zebra, Giraffe, Gazelle, and Topi. The Acacia forests abound with Birdlife and Monkeys. Elephants and Buffalo wallow in the wide Musiara Swamp. The Mara and Talek rivers are brimming with Hippos and Crocodiles. Other indicators of the growth in tourism are the increase in the number of tour operators and vehicle hire enterprises. Tourism is also a major source of employment for farmers and grocers, to construction, transport and financial services and to the purveyors of curios and souvenirs. The industry is labour intensive and hence its expansion generates more job opportunities than an equivalent expansion in other sectors of the economy. Besides, allied improvements in tourism infrastructure also catalyses other economic activities. It is estimated that well over 219,000 people are currently deriving their livelihood from tourism. In some streets in Central Nairobi and Mombassa half the shops are tourist-oriented. Benefits and Problems of Tourism The development of the tourist industry can bring many benefits and problems. Tourism in many parts on Kenya is a ‘double edged shroud' meaning blight as well as blessing but in my opinion I think that there is more problems than benefits. The development in the tourist industry can improve the chances of having a good holiday for tourists. Countries like Spain, Italy and Greece were once very poor and now have much higher standards of living due to increased tourism. The poorer developing countries have also followed their lead. Kenya, for example has used money from tourism to improve their schools, hospitals, roads and factories. Some of the money has also been spent on developing the tourist industry. There would also be a demand for locally produced food and souvenirs, jobs in hotels and restaurants, new amenities that locals could use. Coffee and tea production brought in more foreign exchange and income from tourism first exceeded that from coffee. In the Massai Mara the ultimate way of travel is in a hot air balloon. Hot air balloons are another source of income but it disturbs animals and they have driven some out. The rapid increase in tourism is overcrowding parts of Kenya and the increasing population growth in the drier areas of Kenya has led to pressure exceeding the carrying capacity of the land in relation to park management, which in turn has led to lower income. The problem of increasing visitors has led to an increase in the number of vehicle entries in the park. This tourist entry is suspected to disturb wild animals and damage natural vegetation by off road driving. The noise by the vehicle may also be disturbing to some wildlife. Its negative impact might be higher in long term. Increased tourist facilities have caused the loss of habitat and naturalness of the area. Lodges and attractive places have been spoilt by garbage and sewage disposal problems. Garbage attracts carrion-eaters such as hyenas, baboons, velvet monkeys and marabou storks. These problems are of concern to the reserve's management because animals can be obvious threats to people, including tourists. Another impact of garbage is that some scavengers, such as hyenas, may change their natural feeding habits and became permanent garbage feeders. In the Coast, the local residents are Muslims. The Islamic females have to dress their whole body to avoid attracting men but as tourists go by they show parts of their body that is forbidden for Muslims. The darker side about tourism is that the local people then go into drugs n drinking and prostitution. Ladies look for boys for sex, so instead of boys going to the church, they have sex with ladies for money and this is affecting society. Tourists diving and standing on the coral kill the living organisms, as they are extremely delicate and tender. Anchors being dropped of boats constantly batter the coral and it is illegal to harm the coral. Tourists take shells and starfish that are a vital link to the ecosystem. 140 tones of shells and coral are removed out every year for selling.

China, an Engine of Growth, Faces a Global Slump Essay

Yardley, J. , & Bradsher, K. (2008). China, an Engine of Growth, Faces a Global Slump. New York Times, October 23, p. A6. In the article Yardley and Bradsher discuss China’s’ economic and financial slump caused by the global financial crisis. For three decades China has been one of the most powerful and promising countries in the world. The country has managed to booster its economic development due to flood of low-priced exports. However, global crisis negatively affects the country that faces the possibility of global recession. The question is whether the ruling Communist Party is able to prevent global financial crisis and to support China’s economic miracle. Economists and analysts say that China’s economic development plays crucial role for economies of the United States and European countries as they face serious downturns. Nonetheless, Chinese economic model is to be recalibrated, domestic investments are be stricken with government spending, and policies aimed at increasing consumer demand are to be promoted. China is in need of better health care network, improvements in social safety network, and lower fees for education establishments. Chinese government claims that global crisis insulates country’s financial system and, thus, leaders argue country’s banks would remain domestically concentrated. The overall economic growth has decreased, unemployment rates have increased and many factories have closed export region. China is recommended to use its foreign reserves for purchasing stocks in European as it gives China an excellent opportunity to gain more experience in global business. Some researcher say that America’s decline is inevitable and if China is prepared to manage it, it will be ready to stand as a superpower. In its turns, China isn’t willing to be considered as a replacement of the USA as it is still a developing country with more foreign reserves and more problems than other countries.

Prison Overcrowding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Prison Overcrowding - Essay Example It is not just the problem of a country. Rather, it is an international phenomenon. In this context, the present essay is an attempt to report the mounting problem of overcrowding in prisons in general. The essay takes an argumentative approach wherein an attempt is made to suggest solutions to the problem of overcrowding. The essay also throws lights on the causes of overcrowding such as increased crime rates. The inmates of a prison might be either pre-trail detainees or convicted/sentenced offenders. Irrespective of the type of offence and length of punishment, inmates are accommodated almost alike. Consequently, when the problem of overcrowding arises, it is likely to affect all the inmates more or less in the same manner. Overcrowding will result in serious repercussions which adversely affect the smooth running of the correction centres and the very purpose of judiciary. According to an earlier research in the area, three effects have been identified owing to overcrowding (John Howard Society of Alberta 2002). The first and foremost problem is that there is less of everything to go around; which eventually contributes to same spaces and resources will have to be shared among the inmates; that reduces the opportunities for prisoners to correct themselves by reducing the chances of self-improvement and rehabilitative programs, such as and vocational and academic training, employment etc. Moreover, this will lead to the deprivation of inmates from work or work opportunities, as a result of which they will exhibit discontent and disruptive behaviour (Cox et al. 1984). Overcrowding can also creates behavioral problems such as stress, fear, noise, and even some violent outburst (Johnston 1991). Stress may lead to aggression or depression. These psychological problems may have impact upon the social relationship and interaction among the inmates (Smith 1982). The third implication is that the inmates may be classified on the basis of the spaces they have been allotted rather than measure like security reasons and the like. It has been observed that any attempt to adjust with the limited space and the resulting overcrowding can only bring misclassification of prisoners (Cox et al. 1984). "The effects of misclassifying offenders due to overcrowding extend beyond the immediate consideration of there being too little space and too few resources. It also leads to slow progress through the corrections system and consequently to slow exit, which in turn perpetuates or increases the overcrowding problem" (John Howard Society of Alberta 2002). In a nut shell, over population in prison provides no way for offenders to be rehabilitated, the correction of criminal behavior, to avail human dignity. It may also cause outbreak of certain epidemic diseases such as AIDS. Causes of Overcrowding The root cause for over population in prison is the increased crime rates and punishment rates. Moreover, the length of punishment and reduced parole has compounded the rate of prison population. Overcrowding may cause many threats to the inhabitants; which result in further offences happen inside the correction centres. However, there has been slight decrease in the crime rates in country like United Kingdom. The problem of overcrowding can be attributed to the reasons listed below (Factors Impacting Prison Overcrowding 2000): There has been an increase due to the "war on drugs", high recidivism

Improving the General Health of People with Learning Disabilities Essay

Improving the General Health of People with Learning Disabilities - Essay Example The mental health, consequences of behavior on health and epilepsy management of these patients is focused mostly by psychiatrics who addresses the discrepancy in clinical health and practices. Introduction Inequalities in health status The achievement of better health is an apposite goal for all, including those with learning disabilities. Characters with learning disabilities are heterogeneous in nature and exhibits needs that vary. The impact of environmental and social factors on health matters is definitely bigger in these groups. Gates (2009) Improved health is likely to improve the quality of lives of the families and individuals of the affected population, thus the need to remove great differences between those learning with disabilities and the public population will be strong. I will in this article discuss the areas that need to be improved for the learning-disabled which are high in disparities among healthy care related matters. Some of these include: A distinction in he alth as a result of increased mortality, morbidity, rise in negative decider of health such as increased poverty and a variation in health care as a result of unequal and inequality of health services to the learning-disabled.(Fraser 1998:293) I will focus on the issues and details that must be considered in order to make the necessary improvements in health matters. I consider tackling five areas in particular, which include: health needs the disparity in health, barriers to better health, health provision in primary care and fully addressing the disparity in the health care for the learning-disabled. Disparity in health The issue of indifference of health care Gates (2009) must be addressed in order to reach an appropriate development in health to the same level of health care that the public population enjoys. Inequalities in health care and access were an issue of health disparity in the past, as minor ethnic groups were the most affected between the population and the groups in health care facilities. Recently, Surgeon (2002) has focused their interest on disparity for those with learning disabilities. This concept adds a spotlight to the appropriate planning of services. However some difficulties are present particularly when intending to allow for the effects of etiology of the recipients disability on any obvious disparity. For instance, Gates (2009) relentless advances in accident prevention measures, in treatment induced abnormalities and cases of epilepsy may cause a reduction in disparity in various groups among the population. Health needs Welsh (1996) suggest that citizens with learning disabilities have mutual specific and general health needs. This should be provided within the primary health care environment. Common morbidities occur at greater frequencies that arise from professional health needs that are related with definite medical conditions. The conditions are not one of their kinds to individuals with learning disabilities as they have a high prevalence in the population resulting in an important part of health assessment. This has brought to the table that a consensus can be of; sensory deficit, epilepsy and disturbance in the behavior and psychology among the learning-disa

Management of Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management of Innovation - Essay Example the improvement of telephone technology was made possible through investment in R&D capabilities by various firms across the world dealing with communications technology. In essence, there was a need to make the modes of communications such as using the telephone more convenient and user-friendly (Anderson & Tushman, 1991). The need for convenience in communications contributed to the invention of mobile technology by different companies across the globe. The key players in this sector included Nokia and Motorola who through their innovations, came up with communications gadgets that were considered to be efficient, user-friendly and portable compared to land line telephones that were stationary. On the other hand, the advent of mobile technology presented a vast market opportunity for firms that dealt with mobile technology. Because of the vast market potential for mobile technology, competition also grew over time as a result of new entrants in the mobile technology market across the globe. In order to remain competitive, firms specialising in mobile technology had to continue improving their  innovations to come up with unique products that resonate with mobile technology enthusiasts. As such, competition continues to revolutionise technological changes in the production of mobile phones (Anderson & Tushman, 1991). With respect to technological changes, this paper compares and contrasts two theories that can be associated with the advancement in the mobile technology today. S-curves visually denote how a product, service or technology evolves over time. S-curve in technological change can be associated with market adoption because where the curve begins marks a new market opportunity and the curve’s end represents obsolescence of a particular technology in the market. The end of one S-curve usually marks the beginning of a new S-curve that displaces, for instance, landline telephone versus cellular phones. In this regard, there are firms that tend to move

Thunderstorm Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Thunderstorm - Article Example The theatrical attraction and general characterization of the plot, in line with the thematic relevance of the play is magnificent. Despite the play exhibiting more of the ancient settings of the time, the relevance and the brilliance of the actors is exceptionally fascinating. The paper is an analysis of general plot, characterization, the cultural influence and reception by the audience, and the general commentary on the contemporary society of the Chinese through interactions and actions. The thunderstorm is in this case used to describe the complex blood relationships as well as the various tragic incidences that are perceived inevitable. Therefore, it is a dramatic occurrence with significant connotation together with heart-stirring artistic expertise. Zhou Puyuan, the head of the coal-mining modern company is portrayed in the light of a selfish and arrogant person, who has little interest in the whereabouts of both his family and the workers within the company. He is equally hypocritical, cold-blooded, and selfish, as evident through the brutality and dictatorship evident in the scenes. The Chinese culture is characteristically inclined towards male superiority over the female gender, and Zhou Puyuan plays a perfect role of chauvinism in the society. The role is well brought out in the scene through the actor, especially the command tone that inevitably restores dominance in the settings. It is a massive privilege on the part of the modern generation to witness such characterization of their forgotten roots in the modern generation. However, I find the experience complicated for other non-Chinese audience interested in the play, particularly due to the strong translated message of the play, but it is easy to appreciate the colorful and moving acting, which only prompts an urge to see more. I must confess that watching the play was one of my favorite moments, with

Achievement of Maximum Profit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Achievement of Maximum Profit - Essay Example When companies utilize their equipment more extensively maintenance and repairs cost increase. Companies that increase their labor shifts incur in higher labor costs. Average total costs equal total costs divided by quantity. The average total cost curve is U-shaped. Subtracting average fixed costs is the formula for the average variable cost. The AVC curve lies vertically below the ATC curve by the amount of the AFC. The ATC and the AVC curve never touch because the AFC never falls to zero. The total variable cost is measured by the vertical distance between the horizontal TFC lines. The AVC curve bottoms out at a lower level for Q than does the ATC curve. The marginal costs measure the increase in total cost as output Q increases by one unit. Marginal cost is less than both average total cost and average variable cost. Due to the fact that marginal costs are less than both average total cost and average variable cost the ATC and AVC falls. The ATC and AVC falls because of the MC. The marginal cost curve cuts through the AVC curve at the bottom of the AVC curve. The MC curve cuts through the ATC curve at the bottom of the ATC curve. The ATC, AVC, and MC curves are all U-shaped. The vertical gap between AVC and ATC curves steadily diminishes as Q increases. These curves never touch. Businesses have options available with respect to how much output they want to be able to produce. Economies of scale help organizations reduce their costs. Larger scale operations have higher administrative expenses. Economies of scale help reduce administrative costs. When companies incur in diseconomies of scale their operating costs rise. The LRATC curve shows the lowest average total cost at which any given level of output can be produced. The LRATC curve is made up entirely of points on the firm’s alternative ATC curves.

Analysis LA Fitness in England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analysis LA Fitness in England - Essay Example The main reason behind expansion of LA Fitness is that it wants to offer a wide range of services in the new markets in order to ensure the success of the business in the international market as well. The company plans to expand in England. Some of the driving points, which would enable the company to expand its business in the foreign markets and achieve success, are given below: 1. The increasing awareness related to the health issues as well as concern towards obesity and its effects amongst the people of England, will act as one of the key element in acceptance of the business operations of LA Fitness in the country. 2. Increasing wish of controlling and maintaining weight, avoiding various health issues and reducing daily stress influences individuals to visit the health clubs almost regularly. This is one of the main reasons behind LA Fitness’s business expansion plans into the international market. 3. LA Fitness provides services to meet the needs of the customers and o ffer them facilities for most of their health and fitness needs. This would help them in achieving success in their business operations in the international market easily. 4. The consumers would be offered different exercise regimes. Well differentiated service offered by the company would enable it in developing recognition in the new market. LA Fitness provides customized training services for meeting the personal needs of each and every member and gives them chance to choose the best suitable work out for themselves. Industry Analysis using Porter’s Five Forces Analysis would help in understanding the reason behind the expansion of the company in the chosen Country. Porter’s Five Forces analysis Porter’s five forces analysis would help in performing the industry analysis of health and fitness industry in England (Alkhafaji, 2003; Porter, 1980; 1998). Competition from the existing firms- There are many health clubs in England, which offer health and fitness se rvices to the customers. Thus the competition from the existing firms is very high (David, 1986). However, LA Fitness provides customer friendly services to its members. It is better than its competitors, as it treats its customers as family members and provide them good training. The fitness market is having a growth of certain percentage every year. The company has huge scope of achieving competitive advantage over its competitors by expanding the fitness clubs and hiring large number of employees in the new market, who would provide good services. Bargaining power of buyers- The bargaining power of the buyers is very high in England as there are a large number of fitness clubs offering services to the customers (Davis, 2008). There are a large number of alternative options for them. This increases their bargaining power. Moreover, 10 to 15 percent of buyers of the health clubs do not renew their membership as they do not find it interesting anymore. LA Fitness would have to advan ce its services by utilization of latest technologies in order to retain its buyers in the new market. Threat of substitutes: There are various substitutes for health clubs. People can consume healthy food; go for cycling or walking after eating. There are many individuals who play sports regularly in order to stay healthy. Some of them do labor work, which keeps them physically fit. Some visit doctors and maintain fixed diet in order to remain aware of the nutrients.

3 QUESTIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE and deviance Coursework - 2

3 QUESTIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE and deviance - Coursework Example In the United States, which supposedly has a better set of laws than states such as Colombia or Iran, there still are reprehensible violations and deviant behaviour. For example, Abu Ghraib, a former Iraqi prison, became a stellar example of the US military’s capacity for elite deviance. . There had been blatant violations of the rights of the prisoners as the photographs that leaked out of Abu Ghraib confirm. The report filed by Major General Taguba on his inspection of the institution was a graphic representation of how the prison was run (Hersh, 2004). The pictures which started the whole controversy were proof enough of the culpability of the participants. A justification given is that â€Å"it has become increasingly difficult to distinguish insurgents from citizens within the population† (Lane: 2009, 3), however it still cannot justify the level of atrocities. To the extent that US support for such regimes is based on arms rather than development, U.S. policy becomes a factor in exacerbating these wretched conditions. By 1993, yearly U.S. weapons sales to foreign nations had reached $33billion. In 1983, the United States was the primary supplier to at least twenty of the world’s nations engaged in war at that time. Also, it would appear that elite deviance in the United States is motivated by money, whilst elite deviance elsewhere, or global elite deviance can be motivated by other things, such as religion or nationalism. There are impacts on the well-being of a person who have unjustified stigmatization and these impacts are deep and profound. For example, the stigma against obese women. According to Thio, et. al., â€Å"the obese typically accept the denigration thin society dishes out to them because they feel for the most part that they deserve it. And they do not defend other fat people who are being criticized because they are a mirror of themselves; they mirror

Research Germany Disney theme restraurant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Germany Disney theme restraurant - Essay Example The German Disney theme restaurant also known as the German Biergarten, beer garden, is an outdoor place where people enjoy local food and beer, in a theatre-like layout with family-style long tables. The Disney theme restaurant is located in Epcot, Germany. The restaurant provides all sorts of entertainment including songs, games, and music. Biergarten offers a serene place to eat well plenty of food with music and the decorations, the place offers a magical experience of Disney. The restaurant offers varieties of food, but specifically known for sausages and German keg. Biergarten offers a communal dining experience in which people from various families sit in a large table to eat together (Disney.com, 2015). The SWOTT analysis involves methods used in strategic planning, formulated to understand situations for corporate failures. The analysis is a tool for understanding and making decisions concerning new ideas, which are productive for the business. The research strategy involves a series of questions including the stipulated benefits, competitive advantage, weaknesses, and thinking pragmatically (Prussakov, 2011). Biergarten relies on the serene beauty and the varieties of delicacies, which has attracted most individuals from all over the world. The German beer and the burger are some of the favorite delicacies loved by many. The Disney themes and music makes it a fun place and a more preferred place for relaxing and meeting different people from all over the world. Disney is one entertainment company that has fans all over the world and having its themes in a restaurant, makes the lovers of Disney prefer Biergarten for refreshments and leisure (Disney.com, 2015). The analysis of weaknesses of the restaurant focuses on the negative responses from its customers. The restaurant maintains its menu over time limiting the clients who wants to try new available

Exploring the Allegorical Nature of the Faerie Queen Essay Example for Free

Exploring the Allegorical Nature of the Faerie Queen Essay An allegory – a form of extended metaphor in which objects, persons and actions in a narrative, in this case, The Faerie Queen, are equated with meanings lying outside the narrative itself – represent an abstraction in the guise of a concrete image, with characters often personifying abstract qualities. One way of looking at The Faerie Queen is that it is allegorical in a complex manner. As a mode of writing in a still largely religious society (15th century England), viewing The Faerie Queen as an allegory allows the reader to perceive nature and history as in possession of hidden divine meanings capable of being revealed to the diligent, worthy seeker. Similar to the concept of a â€Å"sugar-coated pill† The Faerie Queen’s allegorical nature allows the author (Edmund Spenser) to conceal (largely moral) ideas from his readers and reveals them only to a deserving few who are able to go beyond appearances and recognize the truth for what it is. One needs to work hard in unlocking the hidden meanings for comprehension brought about by diligence would be valued more by the human mind than one that is easily understood, i. e. Una had veiled herself until the Red Cross Knight had proven himself worthy of seeing her face at their betrothal. In the case of Duessa, the name itself seems to represent duality, duplicity in contrast to the one (Una) truth, as her role varies from one book to another. In Book I she embodies religious falsehood while in Book V it is political falsehood, appearing in the guise of fair creatures until the facts of her foulness are uncovered much like literature’s Circe the witch and her cup of poison capable of altering her shape in her aim to entice and imprison her lovers. Spenser’s Duessa is distinctly English as she appears to be the fusion of the enchantress Circe with the biblical Whore of Babylon, i. e. Catholicism in the eyes of Protestant (Elizabethan) England. Her role is largely limited to deceiving appearances and seducing the Red Cross Knight, supposedly representing the â€Å"false† religion of the Roman Catholic Church. As for Una, her identity is clarified with vices parodying â€Å"true† religion as she appears to represent the one, noble truth among the wilderness, a ‘woman clothed with the sun’ and whose beauty is a manifestation of Christ’s alluring grace. As the personification of the â€Å"true† Church (the Church of England), she travels with the Red Cross Knight (supposedly representing England as its patron Saint George was said to have been a dragon slayer) in order to save her parents from a dragon. In keeping with the work’s religious tone, Una’s wanderings in the wilderness could be viewed in the biblical tradition as the Church fleeing the antichrist. Upon meeting her, the character of Abessa flees in terror of Una and her lion, which likely represents the justice wielded by Christ through the earthly executors of His will. Una plays the role of the romantic heroine in need of a brave knight to rescue her from a moral and fickle fortune. She is the â€Å"truth† to the Red Cross Knight’s â€Å"nobility† yet they are separated, until such a time when they overcome their respective obstacles and prove themselves worthy of a blessed union. Her character is made to wander, and in Cantos 3 and 6 it is made clear that her progress through the natural world is upward. Her encounter with Arthur helps her better understand her plight and what needs to be done for her to be able to transcend her suffering and misery. In a way, one could argue that Arthur represents divine intervention or simply providence lending a hand to strengthen our moral resolve at the time of darkest human frailty. Whereas Una represents the one truth, Duessa is the living, breathing duplicity in Faerie Queen. The Red Cross Knight as he descends the world of society (Cantos 4 and 5) in the company of Duessa is capable of seeing only surfaces. She is deceptive, but does that make her necessarily evil? There is no doubt that Una personifies the good yet though Duessa might be her antithesis, it is harder to ascertain whether she is out rightly evil or merely duplicitous. After all, human beings certainly err from time to time, we are both deceived and deceivers in our own way, yet we are not condemned so easily as evil personified or offspring of Satan. But since we are talking of allegories in The Faerie Queen written to glorify the reign of Elizabeth I of England, one has to note the seeming need to vilify Catholicism, symbolized by Duessa, as the deceptive enemy to England’s Anglican Church symbolized by Una. Representing truth, Una remains veiled for most of the poem, uncovering herself only when the Red Cross Knight is finally betrothed to her (Canto 12) and when she is all by herself ‘farre from all mens sight’ (3:4). In the same way as that of the House of Holiness, her ‘gates’ remain closed for fear of being raped for her beauty. The rationale for this is that truth as a prize of great worth remains vulnerable to exploitation, epitomized in the image of Una’s virginity, ‘that stubborn forte’ (6:3) which needs to be safeguarded until such time when she is ready to relinquish it to someone worthy of her. When she is finally unveiled, her beauty is described as blinding – ‘The blazing brightness of her beauties beame’ (12:23) – to lend credence that truth is not for the faint-hearted, and in the occasion that it appears to the common people is needs to wear a veil as truth cannot be conveyed directly for it tends to blind its audience. Finally, for all its power truth is clothed in simplicity and naturalness. In contrast to Duessa’s garb of garments ‘gilt and gorgeous gold arayd’ (5: 26), Una enters ‘under a vele, that wimpled was full low. ’ Duplicity is fond of shows and of parading itself – Duessa is set upon a seven-headed beast – yet truth does not need fancy outer garments to conceal its natural splendor. She is able to tame the lion, which recognizes Una’s beauty and goodness and responds to her overtures accordingly, while it seems to be able to discern Duessa’s true nature despite her lovely appearance. 15th century Elizabethan England placed great value on a woman’s virtues, e. g. chastity, fidelity, etc. and this is appropriately manifested by Una who steadfastly safeguards her virginity, in contrast to Duessa who takes great pleasure in seducing men with her feminine wiles. Una represents chaste love which waits for the right time, that is, in the context of marriage, before engaging in sexual liaisons. Duessa is an entirely different matter she takes pleasure in her power over men through her sexuality. Of course for the conservative sexual mores of the time this was despicable in a woman – she would easily be labeled as a whore. A woman during those times was viewed slightly better than property, first as belonging to her father, then to her husband, and her worth in the marriage market was often viewed in relation to her maidenhood, aside from the size of her dowry. Nowadays though, society has a more liberal view on the roles of women, their functions in society and how they are expected to act, and it would be harder to categorically generalize women as simply being the marriageable kind or those whom men should only dally with. Also, the influence of religion has significantly waned – it no longer plays such a central role in the lives of most people. Thus, modern-day interpretations of The Faerie Queen would not necessarily take a kind view of Spencer’s illustration of women, particularly if one utilizes the feminist perspective in critically analyzing the said work. Work Cited: Spencer, Edmund. The Faerie Queen. London: Penguin Classics, 1979.

Kelloggs The Worlds Leading Breakfast Food Manufacturing Business Marketing Essay

Kelloggs The Worlds Leading Breakfast Food Manufacturing Business Marketing Essay Introduction Kelloggs company formed in 1906 became worlds leading breakfast food manufacturing business. Well known for its brand of cereals, Kelloggs had thirty per cent (30 %) share of the breakfast food market in the world. Kelloggs has its main market in United States, Canada and Australia. Fruit Loops, Frosted Mini-Wheat, Corn Flakes and Corn Pops are the most popular products by Kelloggs (Kelloggs, 2011). Marketing strategy can be defined as the plan of actions targeted to a certain group of people for whom the products are made, to make an image of the products in the minds of these people. Usually big companies spend a lot of funds on their marketing research in order to come up with ideas of formulating a marketing plan (Grant, 2010). Kelloggs follow its marketing strategies in a vey clear way. It has targeted its customers and tries to retain the share it has in the market currently. Kelloggs company has its mission and vision very clearly stated which it follows in its marketing plan as well (Boyer and Hult, 2005). Kelloggs Competition The market for the breakfast food has a oligopolistic nature and therefore there are few number of companies and all enjoy a big chunk of market share. These companies include Kelloggs, General Mills, Quaker Oats and Post. Due to nature of the market, there is a very less price wars among the companies. Among these companies only Kelloggs is the one who deals in only cereals, other companies have diversified in other types of food as well. Therefore Kelloggs made its focus on just the cereals and gained its revenues out it. Kelloggs SWOT Analysis Strengths One of the biggest strengths of Kelloggs is that it has existed in the market for over hundred years because of which people recognize its name and it carries a very strong brand recall as well as high brand awareness. Maximum share occupation in the market of approximately 42% globally which is almost thrice of its competitors. A very large range of well managed products. An image in the market of healthy and nutritious food products Kelloggs has an image of good corporate social organization, because of its recent campaign of share your meal with Kelloggs it has gained a good perception in consumers mind. This campaign was about sharing the breakfast pictures with the company and the company will save money on photography with which it will give charity to poor for breakfast (Rave Reviews, 2011). Weaknesses There are low barriers to entry in the market The products produced by Kelloggs need extensions or upgrading because of the facts that they have not launched any new product in last four years due to which all of the products are in their maturity phase, soon to enter into declining phase. Soon the costs of production is expected to go high due to the increase in the utility rates because of which the prices will have to be increase, jeopardizing the market share. Due to lack of diversification, it is expected that Kelloggs might loose its market the same way its share is getting low in US market. Opportunities Kelloggs can extend and diversify its range of products by launching new flavours or changing the packaging style etc. Kelloggs has the potential to capture the new markets as well which are still left un exploited. Kelloggs has a chance to take over the small companies dealing in breakfast food stuff which will benefit Kelloggs by increasing its production capacity. Threats Because of low barriers new entrants are entering posing competitive threat to Kelloggs. Increase in the utilities which in turn are increasing the production cost for Kelloggs. The price wars between the market giants and the Kelloggs. Cheaper technology giving ease to new entrants to enter into the market. Kelloggs Competitive Edge Kelloggs has its competitive edge in the market because of its experience of years, it has been in the market since 1906 which makes it more than hundred years in the industry because of which it has strongest brand identity among all breakfast food sector. Researches prove that people when asked about a company which comes in their mind on listening the word cereal, they replied with Kelloggs. This has helped Kelloggs to gather a huge number of loyal customers who might prove to be an asset even if the prices goes up, they will remain customers of Kelloggs (Kelloggs Company, 2010). Kelloggs has another competitive edge which it utilizes in its operations; it is strategic planning of business. Kelloggs top management as well as the lower staff is well integrated through the strategic planning and get well coordinated in their actions because of it which results in effective and efficient operational outcomes. This not only helps the management to take correct decisions at exact time but also helps them to maintain the relations with their customers effectively (Kelloggs, 2011). Another competitive advantage that Kelloggs enjoys is that the market for breakfast food follows Oligopoly concept of economics, there are few players in the market amongst whom Kelloggs has the top position with the highest market share both company wise and the product wise. Kelloggs Targeting and Positioning Targeting deals with the selection of a certain segments of population and then choosing one or two out of them to cater to the needs of people belonging to those segments (Applbaum, 2004). Kelloggs has its target segments into different categories the major two are discussed below. Kids Kelloggs has targeted its few products for Kids giving an impression of healthy food before starting the day and leaving for school. The age range to which Kelloggs cater to in Kids category is between 4 years to 10 years (Brand Republic, 2002). Health Conscious People Kelloggs has always maintained an image of healthy and nutritious food manufacturers in the market and therefore its target market also incorporates people who are health conscious and want to maintain their weight and shape. To ensure that such image is maintained in the market, Kelloggs started showing its ingredients and nutritional values on their products packaging. Kelloggs Positioning Strategy Kelloggs has positioned itself differently in different countries throughout the world. In the places where Kelloggs has a strong market share or has been operating for a long time has positioned itself an expensive healthy food, such strategy is followed in places like United States and United Kingdom. In places like India or Taiwan, where Kelloggs is a new brand and is in the stage of attracting customers, it has launched itself on relatively lower prices but has maintained the quality of product at the same par (New York Times, 1994). Kelloggs Marketing Strategy Kelloggs is following currently many marketing and promotional strategies, some of these promotional strategies are discussed below Free in the Box Kelloggs Free in the box offer includes coupons of $3 to $5 attached on the marked boxes of products. Internet Kelloggs has many internet campaigns currently which includes a game of racing cars introduced for kids in which there is the life line of Kelloggs and picking up Kelloggs boxes increases the points of the player. Another internet based promotional technique is that on playing games and collecting points, winner gets gift hampers from Kelloggs including Kelloggs products to attract the kids towards itself. Movie Tickets Another offer valid in Kelloggs products is just to fill the form available at the back of the products, mail it to the given P.O Box no and receive free movie tickets. Kelloggs has the largest share in the market, but because of the low barriers to enter, Kelloggs might face some troubles retaining such share so Kelloggs is left with the option of focussing on the fourth (4th) P of Marketing Mix. Recommendations There is always a room for improvement and recommendations in the operations of a business, therefore some of the recommendations which Kelloggs can follow and which might bring some good change in their efficiency and results are discussed below. Kelloggs cost has been increasing due to increase in utility rates; to cut down its cost it can shift its production plant to country with low labour cost like china. Kelloggs has potential to capture new markets which are un-exploited still by other competitors as well. This will help it to increase its market share as well share in the capital. Kelloggs has been able to retain its loyal customers because of its efficient strategic planning but Kelloggs should plan its marketing plan in such a way that their loyal customers should suggest the brand to others too, this needs some research in the marketing department. Kelloggs has been there in the market for over hundred years but still it should start a campaign of word of mouth through some tactical marketing move, as it is proven by researches that word of mouth increases sales. Kelloggs products have reached their maturity level and needs some kind of upgrading and changes, the market still is high and demands for cereals and ready to eat food stuff therefore Kelloggs can take advantage of the fact and just by changing the packaging or adding new flavours it can increase its market share and shift its products graph towards developing stage again. Because of low barriers to enter, new entrants are entering and posing competition to Kelloggs. Kelloggs should take over the few small companies dealing in the same market. As Kelloggs targets towards children through its products, it should organize such events where the characters endorsing the Kelloggs products in advertisements can play and conduct some fun activities amongst children and their mothers. Kelloggs should target schools as well, through in-school marketing, children adapt more and put a pressure on their parents to use the same product they have seen other friends using at the school. Kelloggs no matter has been the market leader for quite a time but still to maintain the same position it should come up with new products with new creative and innovative ideas. In some of the countries where culture plays an important role, Kelloggs should target through cultural events and occasions. At the time of religious festivities, there should be some new schemes and campaigns like at the time of Christmas for Christians, Eid for Muslims and Easters and Divali for Hindus. Kelloggs has indirect competition too so to overcome that; it should market itself in such a way as to prevent its customers from shifting to substitutes like indirect competitors. Kelloggs should introduce toys and stationary for kids with the brand identity of the rabbit and bear characters it shows in the advertisements. This will increase the brand awareness and the kids will get emotionally attached to the characters in shape of their toys and would pressurise their parents to make purchase of the same item. Kelloggs should once a year launch a cartoon movie including all he characters of its products showing them healthy and in positive light using Kelloggs products. Such advertising techniques have always been successful in the past. Kelloggs spend a big amount on its marketing and advertising, it should use the celebrity endorsements as well because people tend to copy the celebrities more rather than the athletes that Kelloggs have been showing in its advertisements. Internet marketing through social networking has taken a surge suddenly, Kelloggs should outsource such promotional activities and should work on it in order to attract people using these mediums. Conclusion Kelloggs has been in the market for more than hundred years. It is very difficult for any other company to take the position of Kelloggs in the market and therefore Kelloggs enjoys its position but yet it deals and takes care of all the issues that might jeopardise the position it holds in the market. Managing the operations in a strategic way and planning the marketing tactics in such a way that it maintains the market share and retains its loyal customers by providing them the best and healthy food, coming up to the expectations of the customers.

Understanding Development And Supporting Equality Children And Young People Essay

Understanding Development And Supporting Equality Children And Young People Essay Every child has different rate and aspect of development. Hence, it is of utmost importance to understand a childs development. It helps us to understand the social, physical, intellectual, communication and language and emotional development that an individual grows through from birth to 19years. We can divide the sequence of childs development for each age range into 5 different aspects. They are social, physical, intellectual, communication and language and emotional. AGE 0 6 MONTHS: Social Development: An infant from birth cries when hungry. Gradually, he/she can recognise adults especially a mothers face and voice. He/she likes to watch their mums face or an adults face during feeding time. He/she smiles at familiar faces and voices. Physical Development: A baby just after birth sleeps most of the time and grows fast. A child by 6 months turns its head towards sound and movements. A child by this age starts to kick legs with movements gradually becoming smoother. Also, a baby starts to develop their hand eye co-ordination. He/she learns to roll from side on to back. A child enjoys finger play. Intellectual Development: A baby starts to recognise its parents by the age of 2 months. An infant reacts to familiar voice rather than unfamiliar voices. A baby observes the moving objects and stares at bright colours. Baby tries to explore by putting things into mouth. Communication and language development: By 3 months an infant makes a variety of happy sounds. A baby starts to respond to variety of music and other sounds. A baby tries to imitate the movement of the lips of an adult. Emotional Development: A baby at this age, usually very attached to its mother. If handled by unfamiliar methods and care, a baby may get upset. In this age, a child requires a familiar routine and also requires the security and the reassurance. AGE 6 12 MONTHS: Social Development: Baby of this age tries to communicate and respond to familiar people. By 9 months, a child is very wary of strangers. Child at this age starts to see self as separate from others. Physical Development: A baby starts to sit without support. By this age a baby may begin to crawl, stand and cruise while holding on to furniture. Baby learns o hold objects and transfer objects from one hand to other. It develops pincer grasps using thumb and index finger from about 6 months. At this age a baby drops things deliberately and looks for it. A baby enjoys water play. Intellectual Development: A baby recognises certain sound and objects. At this age, a baby shows interest to toys and picture books. He/she can enjoy various games especially water play. He/she observes people closely and tries to imitate their actions. He/she processes information through images. Communication and language development: A baby enjoys looking at picture. He/she also enjoys music. A baby responds with a smile and starts babbling and sometimes speaks to their mums. Emotional Development: By this age, a baby can differentiate between individuals and shows clear preferences and familiar adults. He/she can show clear likes and dislikes. AGE 1 2 YEARS: Social Development: A baby can respond to simple instructions. He/she wants to help adults and enjoy imitating their activities. It helps develop a sense of own identity. He/she plays alongside other children of own age for some time. He/she shows egocentric behaviour. Physical Development: A child becomes very mobile at this age. Between 12 to 15 months most children will start to walk and some can even go upstairs (with supervision). He/she can feed themselves. He/she has matured pincer grasps and can scribble with crayons. He/she can make a small tower by putting bricks/ blocks. He/she can wave good-bye, point or make noises to indicate their wants. Intellectual Development: A baby can recognise objects from pictures and books. He/she matches basic colours and start to match shapes. He/she can follow one step instructions. He/she show their preferences and start to make choices. He/she shows lots of curiosity and can concentrate for longer. He/she can do very simple puzzles. Communication and language development: By the age of 2, a child could be using 150-200 words. He/she can participate in songs and rhymes; enjoy listening to stories. He/she repeats words said by adults. He/she begins to ask questions like what and why. Emotional Development: A child is emotionally dependent on familiar adults. He/she likes to explore environment and is less frightened now when placed in new situations. The child reacts very strongly when he/she is not allowed to do a particular activity. Sometimes, He/she has mood swings and can be very clinging while some other time could be very independent. AGE 2 3 YEARS: Social Development: Childrens first friends are their parents and carer. He/she learns from them how to play and communicate with others. Babies and toddlers notice others and become fascinated by them. At around 2 years he/she is likely to play alongside with each other. By the age of 2years, most children have a feeling of identity and interestingly this coincides with their becoming more assertive. By the age of 3years, a child learns to play more of co-operative play. Physical Development: A child uses a potty and stays dry more reliably. He/she can come down stairs in upright position one stair at a time. He/she can climb well on play apparatus. He/she learns to paddle a tricycle. He/she can undress self but need some help to dress self. He/she has more control on holding crayons and paint brush. He/she can kick a ball and learns to jump. A child of this age can travel around, under, over, and through balancing and climbing equipment. Intellectual Development: A child can identify facial features and main body parts. He/she can follow two step instructions and can understand what is big and small. He/she starts to understand basic concepts of time and can match the colours and shapes. He/she becomes aware of what is right and wrong. He/she gathers information through language rather than image. He/she enjoys imaginative play and can concentrate long on creative activities. Communication and language development: He/she tries to communicate more with adult form of speech. A childs vocabulary increases to about 300 words and can deliver simple messages. Emotional Development: A child begins to understand the feelings of others. He/she is very curious about their environment but have no sense of danger. He/she could not understand about peoples pain at this age. AGE 3 5 YEARS: Social Development: A child starts socialising with people, learns to play with other children. He/she can show some friendship preferences but these are mainly based on play interests. He/she can use language more and more effectively with others. He/she can be confident in doing their own things as they develop their self help skills. He/she observes closely adults and tries to imitate them. He/she learns to share group possessions at play group or nursery but basically he/she is still egocentric. Physical Development: In this period a childs movements become more co-ordinated and smoother. A child by now starts to make various complex movements as the bones in the body starts to harden or have now formed. A child at this age remains clean and dry most of the time but could have some accidents. Child improves gross motor skills. He/she is more confident while jumping, riding a tricycle. Child at this age can throw a bowl but still unsure and inaccurate while catching the ball. By the age of 5years, a child is able to use variety of large equipments. A child improves his/her fine motor skills. A childs drawings are more detailed and representative. Intellectual Development: By the age of 3 years, a child imitates adults speech which can be understood by the strangers. A child becomes very inquisitive and asks lots of question. He/she knows parts of body. A child learns many things through play, tries to experiment with colours, shapes and texture. He/she can follow two or three step instructions. He/she has a better attention span at this age and hence, enjoys more complex activities. He/she learns to share and accepts ideas in group activities. He/she expresses strong opinions of likes and dislikes. Communication and language development: A childs vocabulary improves a lot. By this age, speech is fluent and the child is grammatically correct in using descriptive language. He/she can confidently form short sentences and uses language to communicate his/her own ideas. He/she enjoys constantly with people whom they know well. Emotional Development: A child is aware of the feelings and needs of others. He/she learns to comfort others who are upset, hurt or unwell. He/she can show occasional outburst when tired, stressed or frustrated. He/she can use language to express feelings and wishes and sometimes argues with other children. AGE 5 7 YEARS: Social Development: A child of this age likes to play mainly with child of same sex. A child is now aware of his/her own qualities. He/she tends to be fairly positive about him/her own skills. Physical Development: By this age, brain has developed further and is able to process information quickly. A child of this age is faster at dressing. As a result of improved co-ordination a child is more confident. By the age of 6 7 years, a child is able to sew simple stitches and ties or unties laces. All these prove that he/she has improved pincer grasp. Intellectual Development: A child of this age can differentiate between various shapes and sizes. He/she can match symbols, letters and numbers. By the age of 6 years, ability to write develops. He/she can read simple books, able to count up to 100. By this age, he/she understands the concept of conversation. Communication and language development: By this age, a child can communicate well with strangers. He/she is very fluent by now and can use correct and descriptive language. He/she has a wide range of vocabulary and can make up his/her own story. Emotional Development: A child becomes more independent and self-motivated. By this age, he/she is more sociable and friendly with others. He/she likes to play with same sex children and able to share. But, he /she need help in resolving issues. A child enjoys taking responsibility and helping others. AGE 7 12 YEARS: Social Development: At this age, a child starts enjoying company of other children and loves to be in a group. They are often same sex although some play activities will encourage boys and girls to play together. Now he/she is less dependent on close adults for support. Physical Development: A childs physical skill develops a lot and sometimes depends on his/her interests. He/she has more fine motor skills. Puberty starts for many girls from the age of 10 years and finishes by the age of 15 years and during this period their body undergoes various physical changes. For boys, this usually starts at around 13/14 years and finishes at around 16 years. A child develops hand eye co-ordination which leads to proficiency in climbing, running, balancing and skipping. Intellectual Development: 7 years onwards, most children are fluent speakers, readers and writers of their language. At this age, a child can read more complex texts and develops writing skills. At the age of 7 12 years, a child has great reasoning ability and can apply logic to solve problems. He/she has longer attention span so he/she enjoys various board games and computer games. His/her preferences for subject increase. He/she starts dealing with abstract ideas. Communication and language development: A child becomes highly verbal and enjoys making up and telling jokes. He/she has a wide range of vocabulary and can use more complex sentence structures. He/she can share ideas and feelings in more depth. He/she can share a very detailed account of past events and anticipate the future. He/she can listen to follow and execute more complex instructions. Emotional Development: A child is now aware of wider environment. He/she becomes very proud of his/her won achievements and sometimes can be very competitive. Usually, boys friendships are likely to be of group based while girls prefer closer but fewer friends. AGE 12 19 YEARS: Social Development: Young people want to spend more time with each other than with their family. Individual friendship is important for them and along with they enjoy being into a group. Sometimes, it can be seen young people can be strongly motivated by role models in media. They participate in teen games and enjoy group activities including clubs. Physical Development: By the age of 14/15 years, most girls have completed the process of puberty. Most girls have already started their menstrual cycle and become regular by the age of 16 years. For boys, the process of puberty has already started and for most finishes at around the age of 16 years. The body of a young people undergoes change in appearance because of many physical developments during this period. Intellectual Development: Young people are able to understand more complicated things in mathematical and scientific process. They extend their writing skills and can develop more creative skills and can understand other peoples point of view. They have a very high level of concentration. They develop logical thinking ability and may enjoy practising their new intellectual and verbal skills through debating either formally of informally. Communication and language development: Young people have extensive and varied vocabulary. They can use appropriate language styles, vocalises their ideas and feelings in greater depth. They can justify their own views and ideas. They enjoy more complex texts including fiction, poetry and factual books. Emotional Development: At this age, young people are very sensitive to their own feelings. Emotional maturity is constantly switching on between childish needs and adult desires. They are confident in their own skills and ideas. They have a good understanding of complex issues. Young people can find themselves caught between their desire to remain in a group but reluctant to adopt groups values and behaviour. 1.b Explain the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is important Difference between sequence of development and rate of development To find the difference between sequence of development and rate of development we need to understand the basic meaning of sequence and rate. The sequence of development is a process where an event is followed one after another and achieves a level of succession with a series of changes or growth that a process undertakes normally to improve on that process leading to a matured state. It is related to the previous events and normally improves on the process. For example: A baby goes through different phases before he starts walking. First he just kick legs with movements, learns to roll on and then he tries to sit that may take 6-7 months. After that he learns to crawl and stand and gradually learns walking holding parents hands and finally they reach the ultimate goal i.e, they can walk independently. Rate of Development is a quantity of something in  comparison  with a unit of another thing. It is related to the development that occurs at a definite age and at a definite time. Each and every child has a different rate of development although they ultimately follow more or less the same pattern of rate of development.  For example: Some babies start walking at the age of 9 months while others may start a little late. Some babies can start making sentences at the age of 1.5 years while others can speak only a few words. But by the age of 3years, most of the children can walk independently and can speak using small simple sentences. Importance of Differences Children develop at different rates. This helps to monitor and expect what children can and cant do at a particular phase in their lives. In the sequence of development one must finish with one of area of development before a move on to the next one. The rate of development is the rapidity with which a child develops. These can be the speed within each phase of development or cover all the set areas in the phase. These principles run through all the areas of development from physical, social, intellectual and language no matter what the age of the child. If at all one is skipped or slow it can be a cause for concern. It will also help to plan effectively to ensure they get the attention they need, in the areas in which they find challenging.   Physical  development  follows a definite sequence an example of this would be that a baby would have to first learn how to hold his/her own head up before they would be able to sit with just its lower back supported.   While the sequences are common amongst most children what often changes is the  rate  in which they develop the skills.  It is important to recognise the difference so you can identify where  children  need help or may be at risk of having a special recommendation or having a special need in or outside school. 1.c Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice. Child development means the biological and psychological and emotional changes that take place within an individual since birth to the end of adolescence. It would be clear to us if we discuss the theories of development presented by Montessori, Piaget and Vyogotsky. Montessori: Montessori Method of education was developed in Italy in the early 1900 by Dr Maria Montessori. The core philosophy behind the method is that every child is unique in comparison to adults and also to other children and that their individuality must be respected throughout the educational process. Montessori was of the opinion that a childs mind is always eager to learn, explore and wants to try new things. Keeping these in mind the activities for Montessori education was designed. It involves the education of individual senses and individual muscle movements. Piaget: Jean Piagets view of how childrens minds work and develop has been enormously influential, particularly in educational theory. His particular insight was the role of maturation in childrens increasing capacity to understand their world. His theory is that a child cannot undertake certain tasks until they are psychologically mature enough to do so. He proposed that childrens thinking does not develop entirely smoothly. Instead, there are certain points at which it takes off and moves into completely new areas and capabilities. He proposed that childrens thinking doesnt develop entirely smoothly; instead He saw these transitions as taking place at about 18 months, 7 years and 11 or 12 years. This has been taken to mean that before these ages children are not capable (no matter how bright) of understanding things in certain ways, and has been used as the basis for scheduling the school curriculum. Vygotsky: Lev Vygotskys theory is intellectual development. His theory is that children learn new skills by being guided by cares and parents. An example of this is when a parent sings to their child and helps them clap their hands until the child can clap their hands themselves. He believes that every new scene or interaction is a learning experience to a child that he/she must be guided through until they know how to react correctly. We also give praise when children handle social interactions with good behaviour to prove that we are pleased and they have behaved appropriately. He expressed that Every function in the childs cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals. Cole Michael; Vygotsky, Mind in Society : the development of higher psychological processes. Vygotsky felt that development was a process and saw periods of crisis in child development during which there was a qualitative transformation in the childs mental functioning. Carton, Aarons; Vygotsky, Collected works of L S Vygotsky 5, Child Psycholgy. The EYFS (Early Year Foundation Stage) is a framework for all registered providers of services for children under 5, which became statutory in September 2008. It marks the first time that practitioners from all sectors of the early childhood workforce, from the head teachers of primary schools to registered childminders and after-school play-workers, have been required to observe the same guidelines relating to the education and care of young children. The framework provides statutory guidance, not only on the ways in which development and learning are to be supported within schools and settings, but on the ways in which relationships with families are to be established in support of these goals. EYFS ensures: Children learn through play Providers work closely through parents Parents are kept up to date on their childs progress The welfare learning and all round development of children with different backgrounds and levels of ability, including those with special educational needs and disabilities The National Curriculum is a set of subjects and standards used by  primary and secondary schools  to ensure that every child receives a broad and balanced education. It covers type of subjects that are taught and the standards each child should achieve in each subject. The National Curriculum had a positive impact in improving practices to teach reading, writing and maths. It also ensures lifting of the level of average achievement and updating practices to improve the efficacy. The use of the curriculum also enables schools to prevent racism, reduce discrimination and promote cultural diversity. 1.d Explain how different types of intervention can promote positive outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern. Every child is unique and individual in nature. However, the growth and development of a child depends on a step by step progress that a child makes during a definite period. A developmental delay is defined when a child doesnt reach an expected developmental milestone. When a child has been detected by any kind of developmental delays, he or she can be promoted by different sorts of intervention to achieve the developmental goal. A child can be given support to develop his social, physical, intellectual, language and emotional development. Social development: We can always encourage a child with socially acceptable behaviour. We could appreciate a child when he is taking turns while playing with others. Children should be encouraged to join in a team game/sports. Sometimes a child takes time to do things independently. Being an adult, we must be patient with them. Sharing books, stories, puppets with children helps them to understand ideas of different situations and also how to deal with them. Physical development: Children need opportunities for both indoor and outdoor activities to develop their physical skills. A child enjoys exploring and experiment, so that they should be encouraged to be explored and helping them to play with or without their play apparatus. We can help a child to become independent. A child can be encouraged for doing his/her everyday routines like using a spoon, getting dressed, dealing with fastening the shoe laces. While dealing with a child in indoors or outdoors we keep in our mind about a childs safety by checking the equipment the child is playing with and supervising the child whether he is using the equipment in a proper way. Intellectual development: Cognitive and intellectual development plays important roles in a childs development. It is an adults responsibility to increase the childs curiosity by promoting the different sorts of books, games, posters, play equipments and toys. Children enjoy going for an outing. They learn a lot from the environment. We can encourage them by answering the questions. A little unsure or unconfident child can gain confidence from verbal prompts or encouragement. Too much complex activities sometimes put a child off due to the frustration of not being able to do the activities. So it is always helpful for the children to do with the activities which they enjoy. Sometimes, repetition of games/activities helps them to discover different aspects of the activities. Childs intellectual skills can be developed by playing memory games with them. We can increase their concentration by presenting activities, games and stories in an interesting way. A child can always be encouraged to use their senses to experiment with different materials. Language development: A child learns or develops his language by listening to an adult. When a child listens or whenever he is being talked he improves his language skills. A child can be talked about anything and everything. It is always advisable to use a simple sentence while talking to an infant. Sometimes, repetition is required to reinforce unknown or new vocabulary. Sharing books, stories and exchanging ideas also help to develop language skills. Emotional development: Praise and encouragement always help to build self-confidence and to focus a child into which he/she is good at. Sharing resources, helping others and contributing ideas increase an interest in the pupils efforts and achievements. 1.e Analyse the importance of early identification of speech, language and communication delays and disorders and the potential risks of late recognition. Importance of early identification: Speech, language and communication play a vital role in all our lives. We begin our communication development skills from birth. Speech, language and communication allow us to be social. Some children may have some speech, language and communication delays and disorders which can affect their personal, social and academic life. Sometimes some children overcome their speech and language problem by the time they enter school and some will not be able to do so. Hence, it is important to identify those children who will find it difficult to overcome language or speech problem. An adult acts as a facilitator by providing appropriate activities and experiences to enable children to develop their speech ,language and communication skills in meaningful situation   A child can quickly fall behind if speech and language learning is delayed. Sometime, the problem can be very severe, when an individual cannot communicate at all without alternative or augmentative communication such as signs or communication aids. Early identification of speech, language and communication delay is extremely important as the chances to alleviate these problems and improving these skills are greater. Early identification helps children to conquer their communication difficulty, language and speech delays with the assistance. Potential risks: The potential risk for late recognition of speech, language and communication is childs learning and development will suffer, which may affect their behaviour when they are not understood. If these delays are not identified the delay will continue and the child may suffer from lack of confidence, less able to manage their thoughts and will more than likely experience emotional problems. Other aspects of development will also be affected, e.g. cognitive, social, emotional and behavioural.  They may struggle to keep up their views and ideas and will have trouble getting others to understand what they are trying to communicate. Many children with communication problems will go on to develop mental illness if untreated. Often underlying health and medical conditions go unnoticed and undiagnosed in children with communication problems. They would also struggle to understand what they are being told or asked them in a learning environment which may lead the child to a negative effect on their self esteem and confidence. A child will also find it difficult to form a relationship with other children and will then feel angry and could lead to behavioural problems and isolation. 1.f Explain how play and activities are used to support the development of speech, language and communication. Play and activities are important throughout our life. These help a child to develop speech, language and communication skills.  Play and activity encourages children to communicate and thus to practice and develop their language and communication skills. They will need to communicate with their playmates and others, so that creates a situation where they can practice and develop their language skills. In the end, it is practice that allows for the development of language skills and activity is a good way to encourage that practice. Speech language and communication play a crucial role in childrens development. Language helps an individual to express thoughts, ideas feelings emotions and information. Children can communicate through actions and gestures as well as through language. Children through their play and structured activities can communicate through verbal and nonverbal interactions. Play and activity contributes and supports childs learning .It helps them to learn discipline. Play activities enable child to impose some structure or organisation on a task, make sense of their experiences. During play children combine many skills such as movement, thinking, attention, seeing, listening and, of course, communicating. It follows that children with a difficulty in one or more of these skills can be helped to progress through play. Children are always using toys in different ways than we would expect boxes can become cars to drive in to distant lands, the sand tray becomes a desert and absolutely anything can be used as a gun or a cricket bat apparently!! It would be helpful for the children if we do not try to limit the toys uses as children can learn so much during role-play working and playing with others, different language, turn taking, problem solving, and feelings for others, decision making, knowledge exchange between their friends or grownups. When a child is encouraged with different kinds of activities it helps them to express themselves, and feels confident enough using different materials, such as paint brush or a pencil and helps them to experiment with different playing equipments which may also help to bloom up their personality. For instance using of paint brush encourages the child to use fingers, thumbs, hands and feet to do paint printing and brings in them some innovative ideas. When a child is participating in a musical activity by singing, dancing, clapping and playing instruments he or she is developing a sense of music along with that they are coor

Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich :: Descriptive Writing Examples

Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich    Are you tired of slaving over a hot stove? Are you tired of wasting countless hours waiting for some rotten meat to cook? Are you run down or restless worrying weather your kids will like whatever meal you cook? Well, if so, then this sandwich is for you! It is easy to make and we will guarantee at a cheap price, you can't go wrong. It is nutritious and with the large amount of calcium it is even a healthy snack that is great for a growing child! You won't need to waste stove work for this! All you need is a knife, peanut butter, and jelly! With all of the work you have you don't need another burden! Just make a quick and easy sandwich! Try it! It is YUM YUM good!    One can find a loaf of bread at any local super market in the bakery Isle or they could find it is a local bread store. There are many different types of breads so one may choose which is sufficient to ones needs. After one purchases the bread, take it back to where one will be making the sandwich and set it on a flat surface. One will see that the loaf has two ends on it. One is clued shut very snuggly and the other side a white twist tie is holding the two ends together. (If one does not know what a twist tie is go to the last page of this essay.) Grab the two ends of the twist tie and turn each end every way until you can see that it is coming undone. Once the twist tie is fully unattached to the loaf of bread, you can now work your way into the loaf by pulling the ends that were connected to the twist tie. Pull out two pieces of bread out of the bag and setting them on the flat surface that you chose. Set them slightly close together so when one goes to coat the bread with peanut butter and jelly.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One can find peanut butter in any local supermarket. There are many different Varieties, and after one has purchased the peanut butter, take it back to where

Essay --

The null hypotheses of this study are: 1) There is no difference between control group and EPS group’s pre-test anxiety and poet-test anxiety. 2) There is no difference between control group and EPS group’s pre-test presentation and poet-test presentation performance. 3) There is no relation between students’ anxiety level and language performance. Based on the literature review which showed the positive effect of EPS tasks and ways in reducing students’ classroom anxiety, the alternative hypotheses are: 1) There is difference between control group and EPS group’s pre-test anxiety and poet-test anxiety. 2) There is difference between control group and EPS group’s pre-test presentation and poet-test presentation performance. 3) There is relation between students’ anxiety level and language performance. The independent variable of this study is EPS tasks, whose presence or absence will definitely affect the dependent variable – students’ classroom pre-test anxiety and post-test anxiety. A quasi-experimental design is used to identify the relationship between EPS group and control group’s language classroom anxiety. In addition, an interview can be conducted to find out the most important characteristic of EPS tasks that help reduce students’ classroom anxiety. In this article, I will mainly focus on the quantitative research part, which is to find out the characteristics of students’ classroom anxiety. Research Methods Population and sampling The population of this study is English majors in Chinese colleges. These students have at least 6 years’ English learning experience, they like English study and their English proficiency is acceptable because they passed college entrance exam and learn English as their major. The sampling m... ... the same time, paired-samples t-test should be conducted to get the p-value and t-value. From descriptive statistic figures, we can see the average score of the two groups and make basic comparison between them. If we want to know whether the difference reaches statistical significance, we need to look at the t-test figure. If the significance is smaller than 0.05, the difference will be considered as true. To answer the third question, we need to conduct correlation analysis. Pearson r coefficient will be used to test the relationship between students’ anxiety level and presentation performance. If the p-value is less than 0.05, the null hypothesis can be rejected. The correlation coefficient may range between -1 to +1. If the coefficient is 0, it means there is no relationship between the two variables. Otherwise, a high coefficient reveals a strong relationship.

career paper ( preschool teacher) -- essays research papers

History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Preschool is something very important for toddlers. Preschools were established in Europe around the late 1800’s. They were later introduced to the United States in the 1920’s. According to the Encyclopedia of careers and vocational guidance 9th edition â€Å"preschools expanded rapidly in the united states during the 1960’s†. Job Description   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Preschool teachers usually instruct children usually until they reach the age of five. They conduct activities designed to develop social, physical, and intellectual skills needed for primary school. During an interview I was told many things on the subject. â€Å"You need a lot of patience† said Esther Rodriguez a preschool teacher. There are many tasks needed to be done. While researching I came across plenty of information on the internet, Echoices says that some typical tasks are â€Å"planning individual and group activities, and monitor activities to prevent accidents and conflicts between children†. Nature of Work   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Preschool teachers play a very important role in the development of children. In the Encyclopedia of careers and vocational guidance 9th edition states that â€Å"a preschool teacher’s primary responsibility in the social development and health of each child†. Preschool teachers design activities that build on the children’s native abilities and help them develop skills and characteristics that will help them grow. What children learn a...

Buyers Behaviour Virgin Atlantic Essay

Originally it was called British Atlantic Airways, later changed to Virgin Atlantic Airways. The first flight was from Gatwick to Netwark on the 22nd of June 1984 (Virgin Atlantic, 2012). The company launched a ? 6 m advertising campaign in 2010, which was James Bond themed (Guardian, 2010). The new advertisement helped the company recover from the recession. Now I will examine how exactly it was achieved and what methods were used to obtain the best performance of the advertisement. 2) Target Market. Market segmentation is a way of separating the consumers into different sections by their shared needs and personalities (Leon. G, 2010, p. 28). The needs and values depend from person to person according to his culture (Leon. G, 2010, p. 366). The VALS (values and lifestyles) segmentation system clearly shows the type of audience this commercial is aiming at (Leon. G, pp. 84). This system divides consumers into eight distinctive subcategories, which consist of: thinkers, achievers, experiencers, believers, strivers and makers. The subcategories this advertisement will appeal to are: innovators because they are receptive to new technologies and who can experience the innovated technologies at a Virgin Atlantic flight; achievers because they are goal oriented consumers who like to display success to their piers, which they can display by flying Virgin Atlantic as it is high class airlines; experiencers because they like to spend their income on fashion, socializing and entertainment which Virgin Atlantic offers through great service, food, entertainment and their flights are considered as ‘trendy’. The social comparison theory states that the consumer with higher purchase ability tends to have a higher status; this is a proof why achievers like to spend on luxurious products and services (Leon. G, 2010, p. 338). This commercial appeals to all the five effective target-marketing segments (Leon. G, 2010, p. 73). It is identifiable as it clearly distinguishes the shared needs, age and gender of the consumer. The consumer is a businessman or career orientated workingwoman who prefers high-class service. The age would appeal to Generation Y that is born from 1980 and on wards (Leon. G, 2010, p. 410). The Generation Y spends 150 billion annually and is into innovation and luxury while Generation X is considered as ‘sophisticated’ group. Virgin Atlantic Airways allows children ages 5 and above to travel or should be accompanied by an adult (16+). Pets are accepted if they accompany a disabled person (Virgin Atlantic, 2012). 3) Service offered. The marketing mix shows what kind of service/product is offered by dividing the elements to: product, price, place and promotion (Leon. G, 2010, p. 58). The service being offered is not just a flight from one destination to another; it is an experience at a high-class level of the Virgin Atlantic flight where the costumer will be served at a high class, with security, entertainment and with maximum comfort. It is a high-involvement purchase, which requires considerate thought and cognitive process, as the price is high (Leon. G, 2010, p. 231). The flight can be purchased online or at a flight ticket office. The company offers promotion such as: flying club card, ticket sales and discount codes/vouchers (Virgin Atlantic, 2012). The price and quality relationship the company has is low- price tickets in comparison with their competitors and with a high-class service. 4) Seasonality. The time of placing the advertisement is very important, as there are competing companies to take into consideration. The order effect research has shown that the advertisements presented first (primacy effect) and last (regency effect) has a greater effect on the consumer (Leon. G, 2010, p. 302). The release date was 26 October 2010, which was a great push to recovery from recession. British Airways and American Airlines are the biggest competitors. American Airlines released their commercial in May 2010, which had a primacy effect where as Virgin Atlantic Airlines gained a regency effect. The James Bond 007 Blood Stone video game was released on 5th of November 2010(IMDB, 2010). This shows that the commercial was released 10 days before the release date of the game. This strategy used by Virgin Atlantic is a very clever marketing move, as their advertisement is James Bond themed and during that period of time all sorts of media (TV, newspapers, online, word of mouth and billboards) had James Bond game advertisements. Virgin Airlines got increased attention to their advertisement by publishing their advertisement at time coinciding with Blood Stone’s release. 5) Positioning the commercial. The advertisement is transmitting through mass media as well as through new (non traditional) media (Leon. G, 2010, pp. 294-296). The commercial is played on TV where it addresses wide range of consumers (i. e. via mass media) and through YouTube where it is addressable and interactive, while response – measurable. It was also played during the flights on the Virgin Atlantic TV channel where it exclusively targets its audience (i. e. via target media). 6) Reason for the commercial. The consumer behavior consists of searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating, disposing of products and services that in their belief will fulfill their wants (Leon. G, 2010, p. 23). The commercial was created in order to persuade and make aware the audience of the fact that the service being offered by the airlines is luxurious, entertaining and high-class, to convince that this kind of service will satisfy there needs. ) Perception. â€Å"Perception is defined as the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world. †(Leon. G, 2010, p. 175) This advertisement appeals to emotional motives, which are affection, status and pride in this case (Leon. G, 2010, p. 110). The advertisements mood is sexually charged and is putting the buyer into a state of excitement by: James Bond themed music and graphics, illustrations of high-class adventure and good-looking actors in the commercial. Abraham Maslow created the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which identifies the five basic levels of human needs (Maslow, 1987). The advert is aiming to satisfy all the five needs of the potential consumer. Egoistic needs will be satisfied during the flight on these airlines, as it is illustrated as a prestigious flight. Egoistic needs include the need of good reputation, status and recognition from others, which advert convinces that the consumer will have, if he/she chooses Virgin Atlantic Airways. Need of Self-Actualization will be satisfies as shown in the advert, by flying on this flight the customer will feel self-actualized by getting high-class service which he/she deserved or earned themselves. Social Needs are to be satisfied by communication with good-looking staff. The Virgin Atlantic cabin crew was voted as the most attractive staff in the whole world by the surveys of travelers (Daily mail, 2011). Richard Branson has always stated that the appearance of the flight crew must be important in order make the customers enjoy a memorable flight. Cabin staff of Virgin Atlantic Airlines are told that: ‘You’ll be the face of the airline. As such, your grooming should always be immaculate – even after a long, tiring flight’ (Daily mail, 2011). As flying on an airplane has a small risk of security, the advert is aiming to convince that their flight is safe and is a pleasant experience where there is nothing to worry about. Physiological needs will be satisfied by the high-class food and beverage service that would be offered during the flight by good-looking staff. Air and shelter will also be present, as the designed with up to date technology. This commercial is aimed at visual consumers that prefer and take information better through visual images or messages as sources of information (Leon. G, 2010, p. 147). While watching the Virgin Atlantic advertisement repetitively on TV or Online passive learning is occurring and it changes the consumer’s attitude regarding the product (Leon. G, 2010, p. 232). The theme message delivered through this advert is: ‘Your airline’s either got it or it hasn’t’. There is a message resonance in the wording, which adds a bit of humor to it and will make the viewer remember the commercial (Leon. G, 2010, p. 301). The theme message has comparative advertising technique to it where Virgin makes the viewer compare their airlines to Virgin Atlantic (Leon. G, 2010, p. 303). The sexiness in advertising is present in order to grab the attention of the viewer (Leon. G, 2010, p. 308). The hostesses are wearing short dresses in red color and the man who is passing the security check hasn’t got underwear on. Virgin is trying to show that their flights are ‘sexy’. This technique tries to show the security the airlines provide (angel like). The flight team is very good looking and is walking with self-assurance, which adds confidence to the image of the company. The runway lines and the red carpet represents the luxurious service. | | Transition from the safety demonstration to the airplane saloon is done without editing cuts, which is very eye-catching. | | The shot of people sitting around of a pool of martini and playing with the olive, which represents entertainment, beverage and luxury the airlines offer to their customers. 9) Buying process. â€Å"The consumer decision making can be viewed as three distinct but interlocking stages: the input stage, the process stage and the output stage†(Leon. G, 2010, p. 36). This advertisement is designed in order to influence the input and process stage in order to make the consumer come to the output stage. This advert influences and increases the consumer’s recognition of the service ne ed. The information is delivered to the consumers through the marketing efforts of the commercial, which will influence not only media but also word of mouth marketing. The Psychoanalytical Theory of Personality created by Sigmund Freud explains the drivers of the output stage (Leon. G, 2010, pp. 137-139). According to Freud’s theory this commercial will affect superego and id to make the purchase. The superego will be gratified when purchasing this service because he/she will become socially and fashionably acceptable, as Virgin Atlantic flight is ‘trendy’. Id will be gratified if the consumer will make the purchase because the airlines offer the basic requirements such as food, shelter and security. The consumer will make a trial or a repeat purchase when buying this service (Leon. G, 2010, p. 497). The consumer might be new to the company or be a frequent loyal customer. 10) Involvement levels and risk perception. Involvement is a very important factor in how much attention is paid to the message sent to the viewer and how it is understood. There are different ways to measure the involvement of the viewer. There are two ways of involvement, high-risk and low-risk purchases. The higher the risk, the higher the involvement and research will be. The flight purchase is a low-involvement product and consumers prefer congruent context of the message delivered (Leon. G, 2010, p. 293). The mood of the consumer is very important, if he/she is in a bad mood, the content of the commercial might cause a bad reaction of the viewer. Psychological noise may be distracting the viewer from the commercial and the advertisement has contrast in the imagery in order to keep the viewers attention. 11) Conclusion. The advertisement created by the Virgin Atlantic airlines in my opinion was successful . The James Bond theme imageries and soundtrack had a great impact on the effectiveness of the commercial. Every time the consumer will watch James Bond movie or play a James Bond game, the commercial will subconsciously come to their mind and the other way around. The time it was released was perfect, as they needed a push to get out from the recession. The commercial had a bit too much sex advertisement in it, which may led to worse effect tan could have achieved and made the competitors (American Airlines) stand out more, as they had a touching TV commercial that gave gratitude to the men in uniform, veterans and their families. Sexual advertising may distract the consumer’s attention from the message content being sent. This technique may have a little influence on the buyers purchasing intentions and a risk of spoiling the image of the company. This advert is targeting businessman, but there is the family audience with children and generation X, which they are risking of loosing. The commercial is based mostly on emotions and only in one short scene the viewer can see the seats with the monitors. The saloons, seats and the exact food of Virgin Atlantic Airlines are not shown, but they are very important to be shown, as the consumer wants to see the comfort he/she will have during the flight. The fact that the advertisement shows a man being tucked into a cloud and not airplane seat could make an impression that the airlines are hiding something and their seats are not good enough to be shown in the advertisement. This advertisement could have been improved by focusing the viewer’s attention much more on the design of the saloon, comfortable seats and delicious food. Nonetheless, overall this was a very well executed and effective advertisement with successfully reached hearts and minds of customer.